2. PERCEPTION
• The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to
recognize meaningful objects and events.
• Psychologists typically make a distinction
between sensation and perception. Sensations are uninterpreted sensory
impressions created by the detection of environmental stimuli, whereas
perception refers to the set of processes whereby we make sense of these
sensations. Perception enables us to literally navigate through the world,
avoiding danger, making decisions, and preparing for action. Visual
perception has received the most attention from researchers, and then
speech.
3. VISUAL PERCEPTION
• Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding
environment by processing information that is contained in visible
light. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight,
or vision.
4. WEBER’S LAW OF PERCEPTION
• Computes the Just Noticeable
Difference.
• The change needed is
proportional to the original
intensity of the stimulus.
• The more intense the stimulus
the more change is needed to
notice the difference.
• 8% for vision.
5. GESTALT’S LAW OF PERCEPTION
• Gestalt law of Perception was founded in 1910 by three German
psychologists, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.
• There are five kind of Gestalt law of Perception.
1. Law of Similarity
2. Law of Simplicity
3. Law of Proximity
4. Law of Continuity
5. Law of Closure
6. LAW OF SIMILARITY
• Law of Similarity states that thing
which normally look same are tend
to be group together.
• OR
• parts of a stimulus field that are
similar to each other tend to be
perceived as belonging together as
a unit
• In the two image object similar are
group together.
7. LAW OF SIMPLICITY
Law of Simplicity states that person see’s an object in it’s simples form possible.
Look at the image below.
8. LAW OF PROXIMITY
It’s states that object near each other are grouped together.
Look at the example below
9. LAW OF CLOSURE
law of closure a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to
perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric
stimuli as symmetric.
10. LAW OF CONTINUITY
It’s states that person tends to see image in continuous form rather than seeing it
separately.
Look at the example below.
11. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists
of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main
function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and
organs, essentially serving as a communication relay going back and forth between
the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body.Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not
protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves
it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is
mainly divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
12. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The somatic nervous system (SoNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of
the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of
body movements. The SoNS consists of afferent nerves and efferent nerves. Afferent
nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous
system (CNS); efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS
to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons
connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The a- of afferent and the e-
of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of).
• The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body,
and the process of involuntary reflex arcs.
13. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that
influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a control system
that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion
, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary
mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and the freeze-and-dissociate response
• Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus. Autonomic
functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center)
, vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center)and certain reflex actions such as coughing
, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to
ANS subsystems and nervous systems external to the brain. The hypothalamus, just above the brain
stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving ANS regulatory input from the limbic
system to do so.
