The limbic system includes structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus that work together to regulate emotion, memory, and arousal. The thalamus relays motor and sensory signals to the cortex and is involved in sensory processing, arousal, alertness, reflexes, and emotions. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, circadian rhythms, hormone release, and the autonomic nervous system to control functions like digestion and emotion expression.
Love you guys with my whole Limbic system...
Limbic System from where the main feelings comes... Here we go..
It got the main structures seen here along with some other related areas...
CONNECTIONS (Papez circuit simplified)
Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
THANK YOU
Love you guys with my whole Limbic system...
Limbic System from where the main feelings comes... Here we go..
It got the main structures seen here along with some other related areas...
CONNECTIONS (Papez circuit simplified)
Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
THANK YOU
On the medial and ventral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere is a ring of mostly paleocortex that surrounds a group of deep structures associated with overall behaviour and emotions.
Ring of limbic cortex function as a two-way communication and association linkage between the neocortex and the lower limbic structures.
Many of the behavioural function of the limbic system are also mediated through the reticular nuclei in the brainstem and their associated nuclei.
These are interconnected complex of basal brain elements.
In the middle, hypothalamus is located which is the central elements of the limbic system.
Subcortical components of limbic system includes;
Septum .
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.[1]
It supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[2] Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it critically aids the formation of memories.
With a primordial structure, the limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems
On the medial and ventral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere is a ring of mostly paleocortex that surrounds a group of deep structures associated with overall behaviour and emotions.
Ring of limbic cortex function as a two-way communication and association linkage between the neocortex and the lower limbic structures.
Many of the behavioural function of the limbic system are also mediated through the reticular nuclei in the brainstem and their associated nuclei.
These are interconnected complex of basal brain elements.
In the middle, hypothalamus is located which is the central elements of the limbic system.
Subcortical components of limbic system includes;
Septum .
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.[1]
It supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[2] Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it critically aids the formation of memories.
With a primordial structure, the limbic system is involved in lower order emotional processing of input from sensory systems
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
Diencephalon1.ppt of the fetus and the fetus of the signs and the blood of op...phatimamohamett054
Anatomy of brain pain and symptoms of the blood pressure is the child with pem considered as an emergency treatment for security and security symptoms and to be lethal in a report verification why you think that it would possible to get an the appointment with the police to get be information signs me the soon
It talks about nervous system and brain behavior. This include discussion about brain, different aspects of human behavior and thought such us cental core, limbic system and cerebral cortex. Also, it discusses what consists od central core (brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum).
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
The body's balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood's acid-base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood's acid-base balance.
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath (spindle). They run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and act as receptors that provide information on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length. The spindles are stretched when the muscle lengthens. This stretch causes the sensory neuron in the spindle to transmit an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with alpha motor neurons. This causes activation of motor neurons that innervate the muscle. The muscle spindles determine the amount of contraction necessary to overcome a given resistance. When the resistance increases, the muscle is stretched further, and this causes spindle fibers to activate a greater muscle contraction.
Have you ever wondered why you sweat when you get too hot from running or shiver on a cold winter's day in this video we are going to explain why your body behaves like this.
Humans are endotherms and this means we are warm blooded we keep our body operating at thirty seven degrees Celsius regardless of the external conditions however this is a real challenge as our environment changes all the time depending on the weather, our clothes, if we are inside by the fire or outside having a snowball fight. So how does this work?
It's quite similar to the heating system in a house. in a house is a thermostat that measures the temperature if the house gets cold the thermostat will tell the radiators to turn on and heat it up if it's too hot they will be told to switch off simple.
Your body works in just the same way here in your brain as a special area called the hypothalamus and it measures the temperature of the blood flowing through it and also it collects information from temperatures senses around the body. it then decides if the temperature is too hot or too cold and we'll try and bring it back to thirty seven degrees Celsius. If you are too hot the hypothalamus can then send signals out to the body by the nervous system that can cause barriers to fact. It can send a signal to your skin and cool sweat glands to secrete the sweat on to the surface of the skin the sweat itself is not cold but it works because it takes the heat away from your body in order to evaporate it.
Another way of losing is vasodilation let kind of these blood vessels narrows this. That said the skin open white and allow blood to flow through them. They heat is radiated from the blood into the air and the blood cools down. If you get too cold you can do the opposite with these blood vessels and place them on keeping the blood away from the surface of the skin this is called vasoconstriction this is when your muscles contract in order to make. Another fact you may have noticed when you are cold against them. If you look more place the at least the Bulls what you realized is that each of the little bugger has a has to hit out at.
These has stood up on and struck a layer of air around the skin air is a fantastic insulate of heat and this will keep you nice and warm.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Hypothalaums & limbic system
1. Functions of the thalamus ,
Hypothalamus & Limbic system
Fatima Wahid Mangrio
fatimawahid1234@gmail.com
2. • The limbic system, is a set of brain
structures located on both sides of
the thalamus, immediately beneath the
medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum
primarily in the forebrain.
• The limbic system is a set of structures in
the brain that controls emotion, memories
and arousal. It contains regions that detect
fear, control bodily functions
LIMBIC SYSTEM
3.
4. • There are several important structures within
the limbic system:
the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypoth
alamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus.
• All the components of the limbic system work
together to regulate some of the brain's most
important processes.
5.
6.
7. Amygdala
• The amygdalas are two almond-shaped masses
of neurons on either side of the thalamus.
• When it is stimulated electrically, animals
respond with aggression. And if the amygdala is
removed, animals get very tame and no longer
respond to things that would have caused rage
before. But there is more to it than just
anger: When removed, animals also become
indifferent to stimuli that would have otherwise
have caused fear and even sexual responses.
8. Hippocampus
• The hippocampus consists of two “horns” that
curve back from the amygdala. It appears to
be very important in converting things that
are “in your mind” at the moment (in short-
term memory) into things that you will
remember for the long run (long-term
memory).
9. • If the hippocampus is damaged, a person
cannot build new memories, and lives instead
in a strange world where everything they
experience just fades away.
• learning how to memorize speeches or lines in
a play. Spatial relationship memories involve
pathways or routes.
10. THALAMUS
• The thalamus is a small structure
within the brain located just above the brain
stem between the cerebral cortex
and the midbrain and has extensive nerve
connections to both. The main function of the
thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals
to the cerebral cortex.
11. • Its ventral areas are dedicated to
motor function while the dorsal regions are
involved in sensory information circuits.
The thalamus and hypothalamus are located
within the diencephalon (or “interbrain”), and
are part of the limbic system. They regulate
emotions and motivated behaviors like
sexuality and hunger.
12. Sensory Relay Station
• It acts as a sensory relay station for all sensation.
• It has specific sensory relay nuclei like lateral
geniculate body for vision, medial geniculate body for
auditory, ventral posterior lateral, and ventral
posterior medial somatosensory information.These
relay respective sensations to corresponding cortical
areas.
• Every sensation is processed & integrated here and
then sent to the cerebral cortex.
• It is therefore called ‘’ functional gateway’’ or ‘’lady
secretary’’ of the cerebral cortex.
13. Arousal & Alertness reaction
• Midline & intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
project to widespread regions of neocortex.
• These nuclei are part of RAS.
• These are responsible for arousal alertness
reaction.
14. Reflex Actvities
• It is centre for many reflex activities.
• It has ventral anterior & ventra lateral nuclei
that are concerned with motor functions.
• They receive information from cerebral
cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum and
project to the motor cortex.
15. Emotions
• Its anterior nuclei receive afferents from
the mamillary bodies and project to the limbic
cortex and this may be involved in emotions
and memory.
16. cingulate gyrus
• The cingulate gyrus is the part of the
cerebrum that lies closest to the limbic
system, just above the corpus collosum. It
provides a pathway from the thalamus to the
hippocampus, seems to be responsible for
focusing attention on emotionally significant
events, and for associating memories to
smells and to pain.
17. HYPOTHALAMUS
• Located superior to the pituitary gland
and inferior to the thalamus, the
hypothalamus is a small area of the
brain with many diverse functions:
18. FUNCTIONS OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Production of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) and oxytocin; these hormones
are then stored in the posterior
pituitary gland. ADH enables the
kidneys to reabsorb water back into the
blood and thus helps maintain blood
volume. Oxytocin causes contractions of
the uterus to bring about labor and
delivery.
19. • Production of releasing hormones (also
called releasing factors) that stimulate
the secretion of hormones by the
anterior pituitary gland.
• The hypothalamus produces growth
hormone releasing hormone (GHRH),
which stimulates the anterior pituitary
gland to secrete growth hormone (GH).
20. • Regulation of body temperature by
promoting responses such as sweating in
a warm environment or shivering in a
cold environment.
21. • Regulation of food intake; the hypothalamus is
believed to respond to changes in blood
nutrient levels, to chemicals secreted by fat
cells, and to hormones secreted by the
gastrointestinal tract. For example, during a
meal, after a certain duration of digestion,
the small intestine produces a hormone that
circulates to the hypothalamus and brings
about a sensation of satiety, or fullness, and
we tend to stop eating.
22. • Integration of the functioning of the
autonomic nervous system, which in turn
regulates the activity of organs such as
the heart, blood vessels, and intestines
23. • Stimulation of visceral responses during
emotional situations. When we are
angry, heart rate usually increases.
Most of us, when embarrassed, will
blush, which is vasodilation in the skin
of the face. These responses are
brought about by the autonomic nervous
system when the hypothalamus
perceives a change in emotional state.
24. • Regulation of body rhythms such as
secretion of hormones, sleep cycles,
changes in mood, or mental alertness. This
is often referred to as our biological clock,
the rhythms as circadian rhythms, meaning
“about a day.” If you have ever had to stay
awake for 24 hours, you know how
disorienting it can be, until the
hypothalamic biological clock has been
reset.
25. • Hypothalamus is involved in expression
of emotions
• The hypothalamus also plays an important role
in emotion. Lateral parts of
the hypothalamus are involved
in emotions such as pleasure and rage, while
the median part is associated with aversion,
displeasure, and a tendency to uncontrollable
and loud laughing.
