Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It forms spores that are highly resistant to heat, cold, and chemicals. Anthrax spores can survive for decades in the soil and infect mammals. The disease can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, animal products, or inhalation of anthrax spores. Anthrax infections cause skin lesions, severe gastrointestinal illness, or deadly hemorrhagic pneumonia depending on the route of exposure. Prompt antibiotic treatment can cure anthrax if caught early.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
This is the presentation on Trypanosomiasis that covers classification and diseases caused by Trypanosoma, its life cycle, Geographical distribution, Transmission, diagnosis and treatment and finally its scenario in India.
Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
This is the presentation on Trypanosomiasis that covers classification and diseases caused by Trypanosoma, its life cycle, Geographical distribution, Transmission, diagnosis and treatment and finally its scenario in India.
Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Anthrax
Anthrax is a serious zoonotic disease that
can affect most mammals and several
species of birds, but is particularly
important in herbivores.
The word anthrax is derived from a Greek
word meaning charcoal or carbuncle.
Anthrax, the disease, likely originated
6,000 to 7,000 years ago in Mesopotamia
and Egypt, where agricultural civilization
was first recorded
• Malignant Pustule, Malignant Edema,
Woolsorters’ Disease, Ragpickers’
Disease, Maladi Charbon, Splenic Fever
3. BACILLUS ANTHRAX
Morphology
• Large, gram-positive,
non-motile rod
• Two forms
– Vegetative,
Spore(ENDOSPORES)
• Over 1,200 strains
• Sheep Blood agar-
non-hemolytic
colonies with
“Medusa head”
appearance Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
4. The Spore
• Sporulation requires:
– Poor nutrient
conditions
– Presence of oxygen
• Spores
– Highly resistant to
heat, cold, chemical
disinfectants,
– Survive for decades
– Taken up by host and
germinate
• Lethal dose 2,500 to
55,000 spores Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
5. History
Sverdlovsk, Russia, 1979
• 94 people sick – 64 died ,Soviets blamed
contaminated meat
• President Yeltsin admits outbreak
related to military facility
Aum Shinrikyo - Tokyo, 1993
Japanese religious cult “Supreme
truth”
Attempt at biological terrorism
Released anthrax from office building
Vaccine strain used
No human injuries
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
6. U.S., 2001
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
7. Virulence factors
Capsule
Toxins 3-Protective antigen (PA), edema factor
(EF) & lethal factor (LF)
• Capsule- Glycocalyx
– Sticky, gelatinous
polymer external to
cell wall
• Made up of D-glutamic
acid
• Non-toxic on its own
• Only encapsulated B.
anthracis virulent
• Most important role
during establishment of
disease
– Protects against
phagocytosis & lysis
during vegetative
state
9. Human Transmission
• Cutaneous
– Contact with infected
tissues, wool, hide, soil
– Biting flies
• Inhalational
– Tanning hides,
processing wool or bone
• Gastrointestinal
– Undercooked meat
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
10. Human Transmission
• Textile mills
• Wool sorters
• Bone processors
• Slaughterhouses
• Laboratory workers
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
11. Animal Transmission
• Bacteria present in hemorrhagic
exudate from mouth, nose, anus
• Oxygen exposure
– Spores form
– Soil contamination
• Sporulation does not occur in a
closed carcass
• Spores viable for decades
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
12. Mechanism of Infection
• Anthrax spores enter body
• Germinate & multiple in lymph nodes
• PA, EF, LF excreted from bacteria
• PA binds to TEM8.
• EF and/or LF binds
• Complex internalized by endocytosis
• Acidification of endosome
• Death probably results from high levels of
bacteria secreting LF toxins in blood
13. Cutaneous Anthrax
• 95% of all cases globally
• Incubation: 2 to 3 days
• Spores enter skin through open
wound or abrasion
• Papule vesicle ulcer black
eschar-Malignant pustules
• Hide porters disease(dock workers)
• Case fatality rate 5 to 20%
• Untreated – septicemia and death
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
14. Day 6
Day 2
Day 4
Day 6
Day 6
Day 10
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
15. Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Incubation: 2 to 5 days
• Severe gastroenteritis common
– Consumption of undercooked or
contaminated meat
• Case fatality rate: 25 to 75%
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
16. Pulmonary Anthrax-Wool
sorters disease
• Incubation: 1 to 7 days
• Initial phase
– Nonspecific (mild fever, malaise)
• Second phase
– Severe respiratory distress
– Hemorrhagic pneumonia, death in 24 to
36 hours
• Case fatality: 75 to 90% (untreated)
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
17. Lab Diagnosis in Humans
• Identification of B. anthracis
– Blood, skin, secretions
• Culture
• PCR
• Serology
– ELISA
• Nasal swabs
– Screening tool
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
18. Treatment
• Penicillin
– Most natural strains susceptible
• Additional antibiotic options
– Ciprofloxacin
• Treatment of choice in 2001
• No strains known to be resistant
– Doxycycline
• Course of treatment: 60 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
19. Prevention and Control
• Humans protected by preventing
disease in animals
−Veterinary supervision
−Trade restrictions
• Improved industry standards
• Safety practices in laboratories
• Post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011
20. Vaccination
• Cell-free filtrate
• At risk groups
– Veterinarians
– Lab workers
– Livestock handlers
– Military personnel
• Immunization series
– Five IM injections over 18-week period
– Annual booster
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011