This document summarizes information about anthrax, including its causative organism, modes of transmission, signs of disease in humans and animals, prevention and treatment. Key points include:
- Bacillus anthracis is the bacteria that causes anthrax. It forms spores that can survive for decades in the environment.
- Anthrax is found worldwide and can infect both livestock and humans. Humans typically get anthrax through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
- Anthrax infection in humans can occur through the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms and fatality rates vary by route of infection. Livestock are also susceptible with sudden death a common sign.
- Effective prevention relies on vaccination of
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. Overview
• Organism
• History
• Epidemiology
• Transmission
• Disease in Animals
• Disease in Humans
• Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
4. The Organism
• Bacillus anthracis
• Large, gram-positive,
non-motile rod
• Two forms
– Vegetative, spore
• Over 1,200 strains
• Nearly worldwide
distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
5. The Spore
• Sporulation requires:
– Poor nutrient conditions
– Presence of oxygen
• Spores
– Very resistant
– Survive for decades
– Taken up by host and germinate
• Lethal dose 2,500 to 55,000 spores
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
7. Sverdlovsk, Russia, 1979
• 94 people sick – 64 died
• Soviets blamed contaminated meat
• Denied link to biological weapons
• 1992
– President Yeltsin admits outbreak
related to military facility
– Western scientists find victim clusters
downwind from facility
• Caused by faulty exhaust filter
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
8. South Africa, 1978-1980
• Anthrax used by Rhodesian and
South African apartheid forces
– Thousands of cattle died
– 10,738 human cases
– 182 known deaths
– Black Tribal lands only
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
9. Tokyo, 1993
• Aum Shinrikyo
– Japanese religious cult
– “Supreme truth”
• Attempt at biological terrorism
– Released anthrax from office building
– Vaccine strain used
– No human injuries
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
11. U.S., 2001
• 22 cases
– 11 cutaneous
– 11 inhalational; 5 deaths
• Cutaneous case
– 7 month-old boy
– Visited ABC newsroom
– Open sore on arm
– Anthrax positive
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
12. U.S., 2001
• CDC survey of health officials
– 7,000 reports regarding anthrax
• 1,050 led to lab testing
– 1996-2000
• Less than 180 anthrax inquiries
• Antimicrobial prophylaxis
– Ciprofloxacin
• 5,343 prescriptions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
14. Human Transmission
• Cutaneous
– Contact with infected
tissues, wool, hide, soil
– Biting flies
• Inhalational
– Tanning hides,
processing wool or bone
• Gastrointestinal
– Undercooked meat
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
15. Human Transmission
• Tanneries
• Textile mills
• Wool sorters
• Bone processors
• Slaughterhouses
• Laboratory workers
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
16. Animal Transmission
• Bacteria present in hemorrhagic
exudate from mouth, nose, anus
• Oxygen exposure
– Spores form
– Soil contamination
• Sporulation does not occur in a
closed carcass
• Spores viable for decades
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
17. Animal Transmission
• Ingestion
– Most common
– Herbivores
• Contaminated soil
• Heavy rainfall, drought
– Carnivores
• Contaminated meat
• Inhalation
• Mechanical (insects)
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
19. Anthrax Distribution
20,000 to 100,000 cases estimated globally/year
http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
20. Anthrax in the U.S.
• Cutaneous anthrax
– Early 1900s: 200 cases annually
– Late 1900s: 6 cases annually
• Inhalational anthrax
– 20th century: 18 cases, 16 fatalities
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
21. Anthrax in the U.S.
• Alkaline soil
• “Anthrax weather”
– Wet spring
– Followed by hot, dry period
• Grass or vegetation damaged by
flood-drought sequence
• Cattle primarily affected
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
23. Cutaneous Anthrax
• 95% of all cases globally
• Incubation: 2 to 3 days
• Spores enter skin through open
wound or abrasion
• Papule vesicle ulcer eschar
• Case fatality rate 5 to 20%
• Untreated – septicemia and death
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
24. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Day 2
Day 4
Day 6
Day 6
Day 10
25. Case Study:
Cutaneous Anthrax
• North Dakota, 2000
• 67 year old man
• Helped in disposal of 5 cows
that died of anthrax
• Developed cutaneous anthrax
• Recovered with treatment
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
26. Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Incubation: 2 to 5 days
• Severe gastroenteritis common
– Consumption of undercooked or
contaminated meat
• Case fatality rate: 25 to 75%
• GI anthrax not documented in U.S.
– Suspected in Minnesota outbreak
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
27. Case Study:
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
• Minnesota, 2000
• Downer cow approved for slaughter
by local veterinarian
• 5 family members ate meat
– 2 developed GI signs
• 4 more cattle died
• B. anthracis isolated from farm but
not from humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
28. Inhalational Anthrax
• Incubation: 1 to 7 days
• Initial phase
– Nonspecific (mild fever, malaise)
• Second phase
– Severe respiratory distress
– Dyspnea, stridor, cyanosis, mediastinal
widening, death in 24 to 36 hours
• Case fatality: 75 to 90% (untreated)
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
29. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
30. Diagnosis in Humans
• Identification of B. anthracis
– Blood, skin, secretions
• Culture
• PCR
• Serology
– ELISA
• Nasal swabs
– Screening tool
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
31. Treatment
• Penicillin
– Most natural strains susceptible
• Additional antibiotic options
– Ciprofloxacin
• Treatment of choice in 2001
• No strains known to be resistant
– Doxycycline
• Course of treatment: 60 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
32. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
33. Prevention and Control
• Humans protected by preventing
disease in animals
−Veterinary supervision
−Trade restrictions
• Improved industry standards
• Safety practices in laboratories
• Post-exposure antibiotic prophylaxis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
34. Vaccination
• Cell-free filtrate
• At risk groups
– Veterinarians
– Lab workers
– Livestock handlers
– Military personnel
• Immunization series
– Five IM injections over 18-week period
– Annual booster
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
35. Vaccine Side Effects
• Injection site reactions
– Mild: 30% men, 60% women
– Moderate:1 to 5%
– Severe:1%
• Systemic effects rare
– Muscle or joint aches, headache, rash,
chills, fever, nausea, loss of appetite
• No long-term side effects noted
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
37. Clinical Signs
• Many species affected
– Ruminants at greatest risk
• Three forms
– Peracute
• Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope)
– Acute
• Ruminants and equine
– Subacute-chronic
• Swine, dogs, cats
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
38. Ruminants
• Peracute
– Sudden death
• Acute
– Tremors, dyspnea
– Bloody discharge
from body orifices
• Chronic (rare)
– Pharyngeal and lingual edema
– Death from asphyxiation
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
39. Differential Diagnosis
(Ruminants)
• Blackleg
• Botulism
• Poisoning
– Plants, heavy metal, snake bite
• Lightning strike
• Peracute babesiosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
40. Equine
• Acute
– Fever, anorexia, colic,
bloody diarrhea
– Swelling in neck
• Dyspnea
• Death from asphyxiation
– Death in 1 to 3 days
• Insect bite
– Hot, painful swelling at site
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Photo from WHO
41. Pigs
• Acute disease uncommon
• Subacute to chronic
– Localized swelling of throat
• Dyspnea
• Asphyxiation
– Anorexia
– Vomiting, diarrhea
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
42. Carnivores
• Relatively resistant
– Ingestion of contaminated raw meat
• Subacute to chronic
– Fever, anorexia, weakness
– Necrosis and edema of upper GI tract
– Lymphadenopathy and edema
of head and neck
– Death
• Due to asphyxiation, toxemia, septicemia
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
43. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Necropsy not advised!
• Do not open carcass!
• Samples of peripheral blood needed
– Cover collection site with disinfectant
soaked bandage to prevent leakage
• Treatment
– Penicillin, tetracyclines
• Reportable disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
44. Case Study:
Canine Anthrax
• Golden retriever,
6 yrs old
– 2 day history of ptyalism
and swelling of
right front leg
– Temperature 106°F,
elevated WBC
– Died same day
• Necropsy
– Splenomegaly, friable liver, blood in stomach
– 2x2 cm raised hemorrhagic leg wound
– Some pulmonary congestion
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
45. Case Study:
Canine Anthrax
• Source of exposure in question
– Residential area
– 1 mile from livestock
– No livestock deaths in area
– Dove hunt on freshly plowed field
6 days prior to onset
• Signs consistent with ingestion but
cutaneous exposure not ruled out
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
46. Vaccination
• Livestock in endemic areas
• Sterne strain
– Live encapsulated spore vaccine
• No U.S. vaccine for pets
– Used in other countries
– Adjuvant may cause reactions
• Working dogs may be at risk
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
47. Animals and Anthrax
• Anthrax should always be high on
differential list when:
– High mortality rates observed
in herbivores
– Sudden deaths with unclotted blood
from orifices occur
– Localized edema observed
• Especially neck of pigs or dogs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
49. Prevention and Control
• Report to authorities
• Quarantine the area
• Do not open carcass
• Minimize contact
• Wear protective clothing
– Latex gloves, face mask
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
50. Prevention and Control
• Local regulations determine
carcass disposal options
– Incineration
– Deep burial
• Decontaminate soil
• Remove organic
material and
disinfect structures
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
51. Prevention and Control
• Isolate sick animals
• Discourage scavengers
• Use insect control or repellants
• Prophylactic antibiotics
• Vaccination
– In endemic areas
– Endangered animals
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
52. Disinfection
• Spores resistant to heat, sunlight,
drying and many disinfectants
• Disinfectants
– Formaldehyde (5%)
– Glutaraldehyde (2%)
– Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (10%)
– Bleach
• Gas or heat sterilization
• Gamma radiation
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
53. Disinfection
• Preliminary disinfection
– 10% formaldehyde
– 4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)
• Cleaning
– Hot water, scrubbing, protective clothing
• Final disinfection: one of the following
– 10% formaldehyde
– 4% glutaraldehyde (pH 8.0-8.5)
– 3% hydrogen peroxide,
– 1% peracetic acid
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
54. Biological Terrorism:
Estimated Effects
• 50 kg of spores
– Urban area of 5 million
– Estimated impact
• 250,000 cases of anthrax
• 100,000 deaths
• 100 kg of spores
– Upwind of Wash D.C.
– Estimated impact
• 130,000 to 3 million deaths
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
55. Additional Resources
• World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE)
– www.oie.int
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
– www.aphis.usda.gov
• Center for Food Security and Public Health
– www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases
(“The Gray Book”)
– www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/do
wnloads/nahems/fad.pdf
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
56. Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was made possible
through grants provided to
the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa
State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the Iowa Homeland Security and
Emergency Management Division, and the
Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture.
Authors: Radford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Jamie Snow, DVM; Katie Steneroden, DVM;
Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhD;
Reviewers: Dipa Brahmbhatt, VMD; Katie Spaulding, BS; Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH,
DACVPM; Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011