A buffer is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base (salt) that resists changes in pH in both directions—either up or down, when small quantities of an acid and a base(alkali) are added to it.
A buffer is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base (salt) that resists changes in pH in both directions—either up or down, when small quantities of an acid and a base(alkali) are added to it.
Maintenance of pH of body fluids and its disorders for undergraduate medical students and postgraduate students in medicine, paediatrics, respiratory medicine etc
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Acid Base pH Buffer
1.
2. Acid Base pH Buffer
Dr. Farhana Atia
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Nilphamari Medical College, Nilphamari
3. Acid
• A substance that gives off proton [H⁺]
• Proton donor
• H2CO3 ↔ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
Properties-
Sour in taste
Convert blue litmus into red
Produce salt and water with alkali
Gives H⁺ in aqueous solution
4. Base
• A substance that accepts proton
• Proton acceptor
• HCO₃⁻ : conjugate base of H2CO3
• Acid = Proton + Base
HA H⁺ + A⁻
HCl H⁺ + Cl⁻
H₂PO₄⁻ H⁺ + HPO₄⁼
NH₄⁺ H⁺ + NH₃
CH₃COOH H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻
5. • Usually strong acid has weak base: HCl / Cl⁻
Weak acid has strong base: H₂CO₃ / HCO₃⁻
Strong acid Weak acid
Dissociates quickly & completely Slowly & partially
Weak conjugate base Strong
Lower pK value Higher pK
Can not act as buffer Can act as buffer
Inorganic except H₂CO₃ Organic acid + H₂CO₃
In body- HCl, H₂SO₄ H₂CO₃, H₂PO₄
6. pH
• Introduced by Sorensen in 1909
• pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
The equation is:
pH = - log [H+]
• Pure water has an equal concentration of H+ & OH⁻ ions
[H+] = [HO⁻]= 10⁻⁷ mole/L
So, pH= 7 which is neutral.
• pH of blood plasma 7.35-7.45
• pH of gastric juice 1.5-3
• pH of urine 4.5-6.8
7. pH scale
• The pH scale measures how
acidic or basic a substance
is.
• Range : 0 to 14.
pH 7 = neutral.
pH < 7 = acidic.
pH > 7 = basic.
pH = 0, [H⁺] is maximum
• The pH scale is logarithmic
• pH 4
• 10 times more acidic than
pH 5
• 100 times (10 x 10) more
acidic than pH 6.
• pH 10
• 10 times more alkaline
than pH 9
• 100 times (10 x 10) more
alkaline than pH 8
9. • pH measurement
Indicator dye
Indicator paper
pH meter
Indicator
Low pH
color
High pH
color
Thymol blue Red Yellow
Methyl red Red Yellow
Bromothymol
blue
Yellow Blue
Phenolphthalein Colorless Fuchsia
pH meter
10. pK
• Degree of dissociation of a substance is called dissociation
constant (K)
• pK is the negative logarithm of dissociation constant (K).
pK = - log K
11. pK
• Acid dissociates as,
HA H⁺ + A⁻
• By the law of mass action: The product of the concentration of
products in a chemical reaction divided by the product of the
concentration of the reactants at equilibrium is a constant
K=
𝐻⁺ [𝐴⁻ ]
[𝐻𝐴]
• Relative strength of weak acid & base is expressed in terms of
their ‘K’
• For strong acid, K= high
• For weak acid, K= low
12. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• Important for understanding buffer action and acid-base
balance
• For the dissociation of a weak acid HA into H+ and A-, the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be derived as follows:
• HA dissociates as follows
HA ↔ H⁺ + A⁻
• The equilibrium constant for this dissociation is-
K=
𝐻⁺ [𝐴⁻ ]
[𝐻𝐴]
13.
14. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• Now invert -log [HA]/[A-], which involves changing its
sign, to obtain the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
• It shows the pK of a weak acid is equal to the pH of the
solution when [HA] = [A-] (i.e. the acid is exactly half
neutralized)
15. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• The equation can be used
to estimate pH of a buffer
solution
• For bicarbonate buffer,
pH = pK + log
HCO₃⁻
H₂CO₃
16. Regulation of [H⁺]
• Acids and bases continually enter and exit body.
• For normal function of body and normal enzyme activity a
normal [H⁺] (normal pH) is essential.
17.
18. Buffer
• Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH of a solution
when acid or alkali is added
Mixture of weak acid & conjugate (H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃)
Mixture of weak base & conjugate (NH₄OH-NH₄Cl)
• Buffer system has 2 components
• Buffers act within second
• Maximum buffering capacity: when pH=pK±1
• Buffer can not remove H⁺ from body. It only remove/ add H⁺ in
solution
• H⁺ is removed from body by renal system
19. Reduce free H⁺/OH temporarily
Thus resist the change in pH
Weak acid
20. Principal buffers in body fluid
Blood
• Bicarbonate
• Phosphate
• Plasma protein
• Hemoglobin
ICF
• Protein
• Phosphate
ECF
• Bicarbonate
• Protein
• Phosphate
Urine
• Ammonia
• Phosphate
21. Bicarbonate buffer
• HCO₃⁻/H₂CO₃
• Concentration: 24/1.2
• so ratio of two
components: 20/1)
• Principal buffer in ECF
• pK=6.1 , so weak buffer
• Can not buffer H₂CO₃,
cannot act in respiratory
acid base disorder
Mechanism of action:
• When strong acid is added-
Buffered by base part (HCO₃⁻):
HCl + NaHCO₃ NaCl + H₂CO₃
• When base/ alkali is added
Acid part acts (H⁺):
NaOH + H₂CO₃ NaHCO₃ + H₂O
22. Bicarbonate buffer
Bicarbonate buffer is the most effective buffer
• Available in ECF & ICF
• Salt: Acid=20:1 (acc. to HHE)
• Salt part more
• Our body is net acid producer
• HCO₃ excess: alkali reserve (20x)
• Buffer components are regulated by body easily
1. NaOH + H₂CO₃ NaHCO₃ + H₂O (excrete through kidney)
2. HCl + NaHCO₃ NaCl+ H₂CO₃
H₂CO3 H₂O + CO₂ (Exhaled)
So, it is an ‘open end’ buffer system.
23. Protein buffer
• Pr⁻ / HPr (basic protein/acid protein)
• Major buffer of I.C.F (intra cellular fluid)
• pK= 7.3 (6.4-7.8)
• Protein acidic group - COOH
basic group - NH₂
M/A
• Strong acid: H⁺ + Pr⁻HPr (weak acid)
• Base/alkali : OH⁻+HPr H₂O + Pr⁻ (weak base)
24. Hemoglobin buffer
• Hb ⁻/HHb or
HbO₂⁻/HHbO₂
• Major buffer in RBC
• pK=7.3 (6.6-7.8)
• M/A- as protein
Ammonia buffer
• NH₃/NH₄⁺
• Principal buffer of urine
• Facilitate renal acid
excretion
25. Phosphate buffer
• HPO₄⁼ / H2PO₄⁻
• pK= 6.8, but concentration in ECF is less
M/A
• Na₂HPO4 + HCl NaCl + NaH₂PO4
• NaH₂PO4 + NaOH Na₂HPO4 + H₂O
• Important Buffer of renal tubular fluid and I C F