Biochem p h of blood(may.13.2010)
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
35 likes•12,976 views
This document summarizes acid-base balance in the human body. It discusses how pH is measured and regulated within strict limits. The body maintains pH levels between 7.35-7.45 through three main systems: buffer systems, the respiratory system, and the renal system. Deviations outside the normal range can cause issues in all body systems. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis occur when pH levels fall below or rise above normal ranges, respectively. The body responds through these three regulatory systems to correct imbalances and maintain appropriate acid-base levels.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![BASICS ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Blood ph regulation new 2016
This document discusses acid-base disorders including acidosis and alkalosis. It defines metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis based on primary disturbances in bicarbonate or pCO2 levels. Compensatory responses between the respiratory and renal systems are described. Causes, examples, and management of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are provided. Arterial blood gas analysis is explained as a tool to measure acid-base levels and oxygen status in patients with conditions like lung disease. One case presented is identified as chronic respiratory acidosis based on elevated pCO2 and bicarbonate levels.
Blood buffer system
The blood buffer system maintains blood pH between 6.8-7.4 by using bicarbonate, carbonic acid, and other buffers. When acids enter the bloodstream, bicarbonate buffers help prevent acidosis by neutralizing them. Similarly, when bases enter, bicarbonate helps prevent alkalosis. Abnormal pH outside this range can denature enzymes and cells, stopping bodily functions and potentially causing death. Acidosis results from excess acid and alkalosis from excess base, requiring treatment of the underlying cause to restore pH balance.
Acid Base Balance - Biochemistry of human homeostasis
Acid Base Balance - Biochemistry of human homeostasis. metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, anion gap, bicarbonate, pH, partial pressure, oxygen, carbohydrate, lactate
BUFFER SYSTEM
The document discusses acidity, basicity, pH, and buffer systems in the human body. It defines acids as having a high hydrogen ion concentration and bases as having a low hydrogen ion concentration. The blood needs to maintain its pH between 7.35-7.45. The lungs and kidneys help regulate pH through exchanging carbon dioxide and excreting acids and bases. The bicarbonate buffer system uses dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate ions to neutralize changes in blood pH. Too much acid in the body leads to acidosis and symptoms like fatigue, while too much base causes alkalosis and issues like arrhythmias.
Lecture 7 (acid base balance)
The document discusses acid-base balance in the human body. It states that acid-base balance is important for homeostasis and physiological functions. Acids are constantly produced during metabolism but are balanced by base production to maintain pH. The body regulates acid-base status through buffer systems, respiration, and the kidneys. Disturbances can cause acidosis or alkalosis, which are classified as respiratory or metabolic based on their underlying causes.
Acid base regulation
The document discusses acid-base regulation in the body. It maintains that the body tightly regulates blood pH between 7.35-7.45 through buffering agents, the respiratory system, and renal system. When patients have damaged respiratory, renal, or metabolic functions, they are prone to acid-base imbalances. Acidosis occurs when blood pH decreases below 7.35 due to accumulation of acids. Alkalosis is when blood pH increases above 7.45 due to loss of acids. The lungs and kidneys work to regulate pH through removal of carbon dioxide and protons respectively.
Buffer system
This document discusses acid-base regulation in the human body. It covers topics such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory regulation of hydrogen ion concentration, and disorders of acid-base balance like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. The key roles of the lungs, kidneys, and nutrition in maintaining acid-base homeostasis are also summarized.
Acid base balance
This document discusses acid-base balance and disorders. It begins by defining acids and bases, and describing the normal physiology of acid-base balance. It then discusses the four main types of acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. For each disorder it describes the primary disturbance (pH or HCO3-) and the secondary compensatory response. The document goes on to provide details on the causes, mechanisms, and clinical assessments of different metabolic and respiratory acid-base disorders.
Recommended
Blood ph regulation new 2016
This document discusses acid-base disorders including acidosis and alkalosis. It defines metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis based on primary disturbances in bicarbonate or pCO2 levels. Compensatory responses between the respiratory and renal systems are described. Causes, examples, and management of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are provided. Arterial blood gas analysis is explained as a tool to measure acid-base levels and oxygen status in patients with conditions like lung disease. One case presented is identified as chronic respiratory acidosis based on elevated pCO2 and bicarbonate levels.
Blood buffer system
The blood buffer system maintains blood pH between 6.8-7.4 by using bicarbonate, carbonic acid, and other buffers. When acids enter the bloodstream, bicarbonate buffers help prevent acidosis by neutralizing them. Similarly, when bases enter, bicarbonate helps prevent alkalosis. Abnormal pH outside this range can denature enzymes and cells, stopping bodily functions and potentially causing death. Acidosis results from excess acid and alkalosis from excess base, requiring treatment of the underlying cause to restore pH balance.
Acid Base Balance - Biochemistry of human homeostasis
Acid Base Balance - Biochemistry of human homeostasis. metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, anion gap, bicarbonate, pH, partial pressure, oxygen, carbohydrate, lactate
BUFFER SYSTEM
The document discusses acidity, basicity, pH, and buffer systems in the human body. It defines acids as having a high hydrogen ion concentration and bases as having a low hydrogen ion concentration. The blood needs to maintain its pH between 7.35-7.45. The lungs and kidneys help regulate pH through exchanging carbon dioxide and excreting acids and bases. The bicarbonate buffer system uses dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate ions to neutralize changes in blood pH. Too much acid in the body leads to acidosis and symptoms like fatigue, while too much base causes alkalosis and issues like arrhythmias.
Lecture 7 (acid base balance)
The document discusses acid-base balance in the human body. It states that acid-base balance is important for homeostasis and physiological functions. Acids are constantly produced during metabolism but are balanced by base production to maintain pH. The body regulates acid-base status through buffer systems, respiration, and the kidneys. Disturbances can cause acidosis or alkalosis, which are classified as respiratory or metabolic based on their underlying causes.
Acid base regulation
The document discusses acid-base regulation in the body. It maintains that the body tightly regulates blood pH between 7.35-7.45 through buffering agents, the respiratory system, and renal system. When patients have damaged respiratory, renal, or metabolic functions, they are prone to acid-base imbalances. Acidosis occurs when blood pH decreases below 7.35 due to accumulation of acids. Alkalosis is when blood pH increases above 7.45 due to loss of acids. The lungs and kidneys work to regulate pH through removal of carbon dioxide and protons respectively.
Buffer system
This document discusses acid-base regulation in the human body. It covers topics such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory regulation of hydrogen ion concentration, and disorders of acid-base balance like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. The key roles of the lungs, kidneys, and nutrition in maintaining acid-base homeostasis are also summarized.
Acid base balance
This document discusses acid-base balance and disorders. It begins by defining acids and bases, and describing the normal physiology of acid-base balance. It then discusses the four main types of acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. For each disorder it describes the primary disturbance (pH or HCO3-) and the secondary compensatory response. The document goes on to provide details on the causes, mechanisms, and clinical assessments of different metabolic and respiratory acid-base disorders.
Acid base balance
This document discusses acid-base balance and disorders. It covers 3 key mechanisms to maintain blood pH: 1) blood buffers, 2) respiratory regulation, and 3) renal regulation. The blood's bicarbonate buffer system uses carbonic acid, while tissues also use phosphate and protein buffers. Respiration controls pH by regulating CO2 exhalation. The kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances over hours by regulating bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion. Acid-base disorders include respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Acid Base Balance
This document discusses acids and bases in the body. It defines acids as hydrogen containing substances that dissociate to release H+ ions and bases as substances that accept H+ ions. The key physiological acids and bases are discussed including bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins. The three main mechanisms that regulate blood pH - buffers, respiration, and the kidneys - are summarized. Respiration controls carbonic acid levels while the kidneys regulate bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion to maintain pH. Acid-base imbalances can cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis and respiratory acidosis or alkalosis depending on primary disorder.
Digestion and absorption of proteins
The document discusses the digestion and absorption of proteins in the human body. It begins by outlining sources of proteins, both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous. It then details the multi-step process of protein digestion, which begins in the stomach through the action of pepsin and is completed in the small intestine by pancreatic proteases, brush border peptidases, and intracellular peptidases. Absorption involves amino acids passing through the intestinal epithelial cells via active transport, diffusion, or endocytosis. The absorbed amino acids then enter the bloodstream to be circulated throughout the body. Some abnormalities of protein digestion can occur from pancreatic diseases or lack of amino acid transporters.
Acid base balance simplified
The document discusses acid-base balance and buffer systems in the human body. It provides information on:
- The definition and examples of acids and bases. Strong acids fully dissociate while weak acids only partially dissociate.
- The importance of maintaining pH homeostasis and the consequences of acidosis or alkalosis. Blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35-7.45.
- The major buffer systems that maintain pH, including bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers. Bicarbonate acts as the primary buffer and its ratio with carbonic acid determines blood pH.
- Other factors like lungs, kidneys and hemoglobin that help control acid-base balance through processes
Acid, base, pH and buffers in the body
This document discusses acids, bases, pH, buffers, and the regulation of pH in the body. It defines acids and bases, describes pH and how it is measured. It explains the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, which is one of the most important buffer systems in the body. It also discusses how respiratory regulation and kidney regulation help maintain pH levels through increasing or decreasing ventilation and excreting acid and bases in the urine. The kidney regulates pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions into the tubule, where they react with phosphate and ammonia to generate buffers without lowering urine pH.
5.sakina respiratory regulation of ph
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and pH regulation in the human body. It discusses the importance of maintaining pH levels, the various buffer systems that help regulate pH (including the bicarbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system), and the roles of respiration and the kidneys in pH regulation. Blood gas analysis is described as a way to determine acid-base balance and oxygenation by measuring values like pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, and oxygen saturation. Conditions like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis that disrupt acid-base balance are also summarized.
Buffer in the blood
The major buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer system (H2CO3/HCO3-). Carbon dioxide produced from cellular metabolism dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydronium ions. The lungs and kidneys help regulate blood pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Disruptions to this buffer system can result in acidosis or alkalosis, which have various causes and symptoms that require different treatments.
Acid Base Balance
This document provides a summary of acid-base physiology, including:
1) Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate acid-base balance, including chemical buffers, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
2) Definitions of acids, bases, and the pH scale. Acidosis and alkalosis can arise from excess or deficits of volatile or fixed acids.
3) Key concepts in acid-base regulation including the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and analyzing arterial blood gases.
Acid Base Balance
The document discusses acid-base balance and acid-base disorders. It describes three main systems that help maintain pH balance - buffers, the respiratory system, and the renal system. It explains how to interpret arterial blood gases by evaluating the pH, pCO2, HCO3, and other values to determine if a patient has respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Compensation by other systems is discussed when one system is imbalanced. Interpreting values and identifying primary vs compensated disorders is key to proper nursing care.
Acid base imbalances 2018
This document discusses acid-base balance and imbalance. It defines key terms like pH, acids, and bases. The body regulates acid-base balance through buffering systems, respiratory compensation, and renal compensation. Acid-base imbalance can be diagnosed using arterial blood gases and anion gap tests. The main types of imbalance are respiratory acidosis and alkalosis from lung issues, and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis from kidney or production problems. Causes, signs, and compensation methods are described for each type.
Sodium
Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body. It plays important roles in fluid balance, acid-base balance, glucose and amino acid absorption, and cell permeability. The total body sodium content is 4000 meq, with 50% in bones, 40% in extracellular fluid, and 10% in soft tissues. The daily sodium requirement is 5-10 g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1 g. Common sodium sources include table salt, bread, vegetables, and dairy. Sodium levels are regulated by the kidneys, which filter and reabsorb most of the sodium from the glomerulus under control of aldosterone. Deviations from the normal serum sodium range of 135-145 meq/L can
Absorption of proteins ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Calcium
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
Acid base balance - Regulation of pH of body fluids
The document summarizes acid-base balance and the regulation of pH in the body. It discusses how acids and bases are defined, the strengths of different acids, and how the pH scale is used to measure hydrogen ion concentration. The three main mechanisms for regulating pH are chemical buffering systems like bicarbonate-carbonic acid and phosphate buffers, respiratory regulation through breathing, and renal regulation where the kidneys excrete acids and regulate bicarbonate levels. Together, these mechanisms maintain blood pH within a narrow range.
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
HEME DEGRADATION
Erythrocytes have a lifespan of 120 days before being removed from circulation and degraded by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Approximately 6 grams of hemoglobin is broken down per day in an adult human. Heme is broken down by the enzyme heme oxygenase into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin is further degraded by biliverdin reductase into bilirubin, which is transported bound to albumin in plasma and taken up by hepatocytes in the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated and excreted into bile as bilirubin diglucuronide.
Water soluble vitamin
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are spherical complexes formed by lipids and proteins that transport insoluble lipids through the blood. There are four main classes of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons and VLDL are involved in transporting triglycerides, LDL transports cholesterol, and HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
This document discusses metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. It defines acids and bases, and explains how the body maintains acid-base balance through the lungs, kidneys, and buffer systems. Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or the kidneys can't remove enough, decreasing the bicarbonate level. Causes include lactic acid, ketones, and renal failure. Metabolic alkalosis happens when bicarbonate increases, decreasing hydrogen ions, due to vomiting, diuretics, or base ingestion. Blood gas analysis measures pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate to diagnose acid-base disorders.
Water and electrolyte
it explains the distribution of water in various compartments. how it is balanced in our body or regulated. with its disorders of water metabolism.
Acid base balance
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and disorders. It discusses the major buffer system involving carbonic acid and bicarbonate, and how the lungs and kidneys work to maintain acid-base balance. Various acid-base disorders are described including their primary events, compensatory responses, and interpretations based on blood parameters such as bicarbonate, PCO2, and anion gap.
Homeostasis and blood pH regulation, Mubasher
The document discusses homeostasis and pH regulation in the blood. There are three mechanisms to control blood pH: 1) the chemical buffer system, which reacts quickly but does not eliminate hydrogen ions, 2) the respiratory system, which removes carbon dioxide over minutes, and 3) the renal system, which is the most powerful mechanism and acts over hours by secreting or reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions through the kidneys to control acid-base balance. The kidneys regulate pH by secreting acidic or basic urine through active hydrogen ion secretion, bicarbonate reabsorption, and new bicarbonate ion production to return pH to normal levels.
More Related Content
What's hot
Acid base balance
This document discusses acid-base balance and disorders. It covers 3 key mechanisms to maintain blood pH: 1) blood buffers, 2) respiratory regulation, and 3) renal regulation. The blood's bicarbonate buffer system uses carbonic acid, while tissues also use phosphate and protein buffers. Respiration controls pH by regulating CO2 exhalation. The kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances over hours by regulating bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion. Acid-base disorders include respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Acid Base Balance
This document discusses acids and bases in the body. It defines acids as hydrogen containing substances that dissociate to release H+ ions and bases as substances that accept H+ ions. The key physiological acids and bases are discussed including bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins. The three main mechanisms that regulate blood pH - buffers, respiration, and the kidneys - are summarized. Respiration controls carbonic acid levels while the kidneys regulate bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion to maintain pH. Acid-base imbalances can cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis and respiratory acidosis or alkalosis depending on primary disorder.
Digestion and absorption of proteins
The document discusses the digestion and absorption of proteins in the human body. It begins by outlining sources of proteins, both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous. It then details the multi-step process of protein digestion, which begins in the stomach through the action of pepsin and is completed in the small intestine by pancreatic proteases, brush border peptidases, and intracellular peptidases. Absorption involves amino acids passing through the intestinal epithelial cells via active transport, diffusion, or endocytosis. The absorbed amino acids then enter the bloodstream to be circulated throughout the body. Some abnormalities of protein digestion can occur from pancreatic diseases or lack of amino acid transporters.
Acid base balance simplified
The document discusses acid-base balance and buffer systems in the human body. It provides information on:
- The definition and examples of acids and bases. Strong acids fully dissociate while weak acids only partially dissociate.
- The importance of maintaining pH homeostasis and the consequences of acidosis or alkalosis. Blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35-7.45.
- The major buffer systems that maintain pH, including bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers. Bicarbonate acts as the primary buffer and its ratio with carbonic acid determines blood pH.
- Other factors like lungs, kidneys and hemoglobin that help control acid-base balance through processes
Acid, base, pH and buffers in the body
This document discusses acids, bases, pH, buffers, and the regulation of pH in the body. It defines acids and bases, describes pH and how it is measured. It explains the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, which is one of the most important buffer systems in the body. It also discusses how respiratory regulation and kidney regulation help maintain pH levels through increasing or decreasing ventilation and excreting acid and bases in the urine. The kidney regulates pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions into the tubule, where they react with phosphate and ammonia to generate buffers without lowering urine pH.
5.sakina respiratory regulation of ph
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and pH regulation in the human body. It discusses the importance of maintaining pH levels, the various buffer systems that help regulate pH (including the bicarbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system), and the roles of respiration and the kidneys in pH regulation. Blood gas analysis is described as a way to determine acid-base balance and oxygenation by measuring values like pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, and oxygen saturation. Conditions like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis that disrupt acid-base balance are also summarized.
Buffer in the blood
The major buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer system (H2CO3/HCO3-). Carbon dioxide produced from cellular metabolism dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydronium ions. The lungs and kidneys help regulate blood pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Disruptions to this buffer system can result in acidosis or alkalosis, which have various causes and symptoms that require different treatments.
Acid Base Balance
This document provides a summary of acid-base physiology, including:
1) Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate acid-base balance, including chemical buffers, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
2) Definitions of acids, bases, and the pH scale. Acidosis and alkalosis can arise from excess or deficits of volatile or fixed acids.
3) Key concepts in acid-base regulation including the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and analyzing arterial blood gases.
Acid Base Balance
The document discusses acid-base balance and acid-base disorders. It describes three main systems that help maintain pH balance - buffers, the respiratory system, and the renal system. It explains how to interpret arterial blood gases by evaluating the pH, pCO2, HCO3, and other values to determine if a patient has respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Compensation by other systems is discussed when one system is imbalanced. Interpreting values and identifying primary vs compensated disorders is key to proper nursing care.
Acid base imbalances 2018
This document discusses acid-base balance and imbalance. It defines key terms like pH, acids, and bases. The body regulates acid-base balance through buffering systems, respiratory compensation, and renal compensation. Acid-base imbalance can be diagnosed using arterial blood gases and anion gap tests. The main types of imbalance are respiratory acidosis and alkalosis from lung issues, and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis from kidney or production problems. Causes, signs, and compensation methods are described for each type.
Sodium
Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body. It plays important roles in fluid balance, acid-base balance, glucose and amino acid absorption, and cell permeability. The total body sodium content is 4000 meq, with 50% in bones, 40% in extracellular fluid, and 10% in soft tissues. The daily sodium requirement is 5-10 g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1 g. Common sodium sources include table salt, bread, vegetables, and dairy. Sodium levels are regulated by the kidneys, which filter and reabsorb most of the sodium from the glomerulus under control of aldosterone. Deviations from the normal serum sodium range of 135-145 meq/L can
Absorption of proteins ppt
Absorption of proteins ppt
composition of protein ppt
digestion of protein ppt
Absorption of protein ppt
absorption of amino acid ppt
function of protein ppt
amino acid ppt
role enzyme ppt
Calcium
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
Acid base balance - Regulation of pH of body fluids
The document summarizes acid-base balance and the regulation of pH in the body. It discusses how acids and bases are defined, the strengths of different acids, and how the pH scale is used to measure hydrogen ion concentration. The three main mechanisms for regulating pH are chemical buffering systems like bicarbonate-carbonic acid and phosphate buffers, respiratory regulation through breathing, and renal regulation where the kidneys excrete acids and regulate bicarbonate levels. Together, these mechanisms maintain blood pH within a narrow range.
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
HEME DEGRADATION
Erythrocytes have a lifespan of 120 days before being removed from circulation and degraded by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Approximately 6 grams of hemoglobin is broken down per day in an adult human. Heme is broken down by the enzyme heme oxygenase into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin is further degraded by biliverdin reductase into bilirubin, which is transported bound to albumin in plasma and taken up by hepatocytes in the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated and excreted into bile as bilirubin diglucuronide.
Water soluble vitamin
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are spherical complexes formed by lipids and proteins that transport insoluble lipids through the blood. There are four main classes of lipoproteins: chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons and VLDL are involved in transporting triglycerides, LDL transports cholesterol, and HDL transports excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis -
This document discusses metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. It defines acids and bases, and explains how the body maintains acid-base balance through the lungs, kidneys, and buffer systems. Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or the kidneys can't remove enough, decreasing the bicarbonate level. Causes include lactic acid, ketones, and renal failure. Metabolic alkalosis happens when bicarbonate increases, decreasing hydrogen ions, due to vomiting, diuretics, or base ingestion. Blood gas analysis measures pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate to diagnose acid-base disorders.
Water and electrolyte
it explains the distribution of water in various compartments. how it is balanced in our body or regulated. with its disorders of water metabolism.
What's hot (20)
Acid base balance - Regulation of pH of body fluids
Acid base balance - Regulation of pH of body fluids
Viewers also liked
Acid base balance
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and disorders. It discusses the major buffer system involving carbonic acid and bicarbonate, and how the lungs and kidneys work to maintain acid-base balance. Various acid-base disorders are described including their primary events, compensatory responses, and interpretations based on blood parameters such as bicarbonate, PCO2, and anion gap.
Homeostasis and blood pH regulation, Mubasher
The document discusses homeostasis and pH regulation in the blood. There are three mechanisms to control blood pH: 1) the chemical buffer system, which reacts quickly but does not eliminate hydrogen ions, 2) the respiratory system, which removes carbon dioxide over minutes, and 3) the renal system, which is the most powerful mechanism and acts over hours by secreting or reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions through the kidneys to control acid-base balance. The kidneys regulate pH by secreting acidic or basic urine through active hydrogen ion secretion, bicarbonate reabsorption, and new bicarbonate ion production to return pH to normal levels.
Acid base balance 2
This document discusses the normal mechanisms that maintain acid-base balance in the body. It describes how the body uses buffer systems, respiration, and the kidneys to regulate pH and compensate for acid-base imbalances. The buffer systems work quickly to neutralize acids and bases. Respiration then acts to remove carbon dioxide and adjust pH over minutes. Finally, the kidneys excrete or reabsorb acids and bases over longer periods through secretion of hydrogen ions, reabsorption of bicarbonate, and production of new bicarbonate. Together these coordinated systems tightly control pH within a narrow range necessary for normal human function and survival.
Acid base balance
physiology,
acid base balance
acid base homeostasis
acid base regulation in the body
acid base regulation
Acid Base Homeostasis
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis, which involves chemical and physiological processes that maintain the acidity of body fluids at optimal levels. The chemical processes include extracellular and intracellular buffers that provide the first line of defense against acid-base imbalances. Physiological processes like respiration and kidney function then modulate acid-base levels through changes in metabolism and the excretion of acids and bases. Multiple interconnected mechanisms are needed due to the importance of tightly regulating hydrogen ion concentrations for cellular functions and organ systems like the brain and heart.
Blood pH Measurement
Blood pH is tightly regulated in the human body and generally lies between 7.3-7.5. pH monitoring is important in medical diagnosis and treatment, including for major diseases, surgeries, and drug effects. Various methods exist for measuring pH, including glass electrodes, metal-metal oxide electrodes, pH sensitive FETs, conductimetric sensors, and fiber optic sensors. Each method has advantages and limitations for different applications such as invasiveness, accuracy, and ability for continuous monitoring. Temperature also affects pH measurement so calibration is required.
Blood(Biochem)
The document discusses important functions and components of blood. It notes that blood has five main functions: protection against microorganisms, regulation of pH levels, transport of nutrients, regulation of body temperature, and regulation of water balance. The formed elements of blood are platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells, while the fluid portion is plasma. Blood can be separated into its components through centrifugation. Clotting can be prevented through use of anticoagulants or thrombectomy. Arterial blood is different from venous blood. Blood has high physiological importance as it maintains blood pressure, heat regulation, and osmotic conditions.
Acid base homeostasis
This presentation is clarifying how blood changes its medium from normal or neutral to either acidic or to alkaline medium depending on variable metabolic or respiratory circumstances.
Acid base homeostasis
This document discusses acid-base homeostasis and regulation. It explains that:
1) Acid-base homeostasis involves chemical and physiological processes that maintain the acidity of body fluids at levels that allow optimal body function.
2) Chemical buffers and respiratory and renal regulation work together to control hydrogen ion concentrations and maintain pH within a narrow range.
3) Disturbances in acid-base regulation can cause acidosis, a condition with too much acid, or alkalosis, a condition with too much base. Cell function and enzyme activity are strongly affected by pH changes.
Esv2n30
Macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions release lactic acid, lowering the extracellular pH. This study directly measured the pH of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions for the first time, finding lipid-rich areas had pH as low as 7.0. Regions with more macrophages had lower pH, inversely correlated with temperature, suggesting acidity arose from macrophage metabolism rather than hypoxia. These findings have implications for understanding how acidic pH affects processes like LDL oxidation and proteolysis in atherosclerosis.
Group 1
- Acid-base balance regulation involves multiple mechanisms working together to maintain pH within normal ranges, including buffer systems, respiration, and kidney function. Imbalances can occur due to metabolic or respiratory causes.
- Metabolic acidosis occurs when acids are produced faster than they can be removed, usually due to kidney problems. Symptoms include nausea and breathing changes. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause.
- Respiratory acidosis occurs when carbon dioxide levels are elevated due to decreased ventilation, leading to acidification of the blood. Causes include lung diseases and drugs. Symptoms range from restlessness to coma. Treatment aims to restore ventilation and address underlying issues.
Acid base disorders, renal tubular acidosis &
This document discusses acid-base physiology and disorders. It begins by explaining how carbon dioxide and volatile and non-volatile acids are produced daily through metabolism. It then defines volatile and non-volatile acids. The document goes on to discuss various calculations used to interpret acid-base disorders, including anion gap, delta ratio, osmolal gap, and urine anion gap. It explains the causes and characteristics of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, including mixed disorders. Throughout, it provides examples of how to approach and diagnose complex acid-base imbalances.
Microsoft Power Point Renal System Disorders
The document discusses various renal/kidney disorders including obstructive disorders, renal stones, bladder carcinoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, acute and chronic renal failure, and treatment options such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Key points include the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and nursing management considerations for different renal disorders. Treatment involves medical management as well as surgical procedures and lifestyle modifications.
Acid base homeosatsis
This document provides an overview of acid-base homeostasis and acid-base disorders. It discusses the key roles of the lungs, kidneys, and buffers in maintaining acid-base balance. The lungs regulate carbon dioxide levels through respiration. The kidneys regulate bicarbonate levels through reabsorption and new generation. Buffers function instantly to regulate pH. Acid-base disorders are classified as respiratory or metabolic based on underlying causes. Compensation mechanisms aim to restore pH. Clinical assessment involves analyzing blood gases, electrolytes, and calculating the anion gap. Case examples demonstrate applying this analysis to diagnose the acid-base disorder.
Allegations
An allegation in the context of fostering refers to an accusation brought to a third party regarding an alleged incident involving the foster parent. When an allegation is brought against a foster parent, it means they have been accused. Allegations are almost always negative, as regulatory bodies are rarely contacted to report foster parents being too good at their role. Formally, an allegation is a positive assertion, declaration, or formal complaint of wrongdoing.
Chapter 25
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the body. Metabolic reactions harvest energy from nutrients to support the body's growth, repair, and normal functioning. Cellular respiration is a four step process where glucose is oxidized to produce ATP. Glycolysis produces some ATP and reduces NAD. Pyruvate is then either reduced to lactate or oxidized to acetyl-CoA to enter the Krebs cycle. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to produce most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are broken down and synthesized through various metabolic pathways to meet the body's energy needs.
B A L A N C E A C I D O B A S E
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and regulation of pH. It begins with introducing the key roles of the kidney in maintaining acid-base homeostasis and defending against changes in pH. It then presents a case study of a patient presenting with metabolic acidosis and low bicarbonate. The document explains that the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system acts to prevent abrupt pH changes in response to acid loads. It also outlines how the kidney and lungs work together to regulate pH through controlling bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels respectively.
Physio Renal 6.
The document discusses acid-base balance and the body's buffer systems for regulating pH. There are three main buffer systems: 1) bicarbonate buffer system involving carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions, 2) phosphate buffer system involving phosphates, and 3) protein buffers in cells. The kidneys and respiratory system also help regulate pH over different time periods through bicarbonate reabsorption, hydrogen ion secretion, and controlling carbon dioxide levels. Issues like acidosis and alkalosis can arise from respiratory or metabolic causes and have distinct clinical features and treatments.
Acid base balance heraa
1) The document discusses acid-base balance and homeostasis, explaining key concepts such as pH, buffers, and the importance of tightly regulating hydrogen ion concentration.
2) It describes the major systems that regulate acid-base balance - respiratory (lungs), renal (kidneys), and buffers. The lungs and kidneys help eliminate or retain bicarbonate and titrate hydrogen ions to maintain normal pH.
3) Even slight deviations from the normal pH range can impact cell function, enzyme activity, and other physiological processes since hydrogen ions are highly reactive. Tight control is needed to support life.
Renal pharmacology
The document provides an overview of renal pharmacology and physiology, with a focus on diuretic drugs. It discusses how the kidney regulates fluid and electrolytes and introduces different classes of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazides, and osmotic agents. It describes the mechanisms of action and sites of action for different diuretics in renal structures like the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and collecting duct. Key effects of diuretics include increased sodium, water, and electrolyte excretion. The document also reviews toxicity concerns for different diuretic classes.
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Biochem p h of blood(may.13.2010)
acid and base with acid and base disorders
This document provides an overview of acid-base biochemistry, including definitions of acids and bases, pH and how it is measured, physiological pH ranges, hydrogen ion homeostasis, and the clinical importance of acid-base disorders. Key points include: acids donate hydrogen ions in solution while bases accept hydrogen ions; pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; buffers like bicarbonate help maintain pH within a narrow range; the lungs and kidneys play important roles in regulating hydrogen ion concentration and excretion; and acid-base imbalances can be respiratory or metabolic in nature.
Acid Base Homeostasis
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis, which involves chemical and physiological processes that maintain the acidity of body fluids at optimal levels. The chemical processes include extracellular and intracellular buffers that provide the first line of defense against acid-base disturbances. The physiological processes modulate acid-base composition through changes in cellular metabolism and the excretion of acids by the lungs and kidneys. Derangements in acid-base balance can cause acidosis or alkalosis, resulting from excess or deficits of acids or bases respectively.
Acid Base Homeostasis
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis, which involves chemical and physiological processes that maintain the acidity of body fluids at optimal levels. The chemical processes include extracellular and intracellular buffers, while the physiological processes modulate acid-base levels through changes in cellular metabolism and the excretion of acids by the lungs and kidneys. Multiple mechanisms are needed due to the importance of maintaining hydrogen ion concentrations for cellular enzymes and organ function.
Acid Base Balance. An important topic in Physiologypptx
Acid Base Balance. An important topic in PhysiologypptxRawal Institute of Health Sciences, ISLAMABAD - PAKISTAN
The document discusses acid-base balance in the human body. It explains that acids release hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions. The body tightly regulates pH through various buffer systems, including bicarbonate, phosphate, proteins, hemoglobin, respiratory, and renal. Imbalances can occur if pH falls below 6.8 or rises above 8.0 and are compensated for by these buffer systems to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys play an important role in regulating blood pH by controlling bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion.Acid Base Balance In Fishes
Fish regulate their internal pH through acid-base homeostasis, which involves balancing hydrogen ion intake and removal. The body maintains pH levels through several systems - buffers in the blood, respiration through the gills, and excretion by the kidneys. There are four types of acid-base imbalances that can occur if homeostasis is disrupted: respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis. The body aims to compensate for these imbalances through respiratory and renal mechanisms.
ACID BASE BALANCE IN FISHES
Fish regulate their internal pH through acid-base homeostasis, which involves balancing hydrogen ion intake and removal. The body maintains pH levels through several systems - buffers in the blood, respiration through the gills, and excretion by the kidneys. There are four types of acid-base imbalances that can occur if homeostasis is disrupted: respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis. The body aims to compensate for these imbalances through respiratory and renal mechanisms.
Ph & Buffer systemby dr ambareeshapptx
ACID & BASE
Acid is a molecule or an ion that can function as a proton donor. Base is the molecule or an ion that can function as a proton acceptor.
pH
pH is negative log of H+ ion concentration.
Normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4 and that of venous blood and
Acid balance / dental courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Renal clearance and pH balance
Here is an introduction to the renal mechanisms of clearance and pH balance with some slides dedicated to the differences between metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
Please point out any mistakes or omissions, it'll really be appreciated.
Arterial Blood Gases ------------(sami).ppt
This document discusses acid-base balance and blood gases. It begins by defining key terms like acids, bases, buffers, and explaining how the body regulates pH. It then explains how to analyze an arterial blood gas reading by assessing the pH, PCO2, HCO3, and other values. Finally, it discusses how to classify and treat different acid-base imbalances like respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, and mixed disorders.
Copmpensation mechanism acd & base
This document summarizes acid-base balance and discusses acidosis and alkalosis. It describes how acidosis refers to excess hydrogen ions in the body and alkalosis refers to excess removal of hydrogen ions. The two main types are metabolic and respiratory. Buffer systems help regulate pH and include the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, phosphate system, and protein systems. The respiratory system and kidneys also help control pH through regulating carbon dioxide and excretion of acids and bases.
Acid base balance (2).ppt
The document discusses acid-base balance and arterial blood gas analysis. It provides details on:
1) How arterial blood gas analysis assesses oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status to diagnose acid-base imbalances.
2) The physiology of the pH scale and how acids and bases affect hydrogen ion concentration.
3) The key buffer systems that help maintain acid-base balance, including the important bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer.
4) How the lungs and kidneys work to regulate acid-base balance through controlling carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels respectively.
5) The four main types of acid-base imbalances: respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic
Acid-Base Homeostasis
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis and blood pH regulation. It covers:
1. Homeostatic mechanisms tightly regulate blood pH within a narrow range through buffer systems, lungs, and kidneys to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme function and cell health.
2. Buffers like bicarbonate, proteins, and phosphates help minimize pH changes by binding excess hydrogen ions. The lungs also aid regulation by controlling carbon dioxide levels through breathing.
3. The kidneys play a key role as the third line of defense by secreting excess hydrogen ions into urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate, producing acidic urine to remove acid from the body and maintain pH.
lec 4.pptx
The document discusses body fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. It defines key terms and outlines the normal ranges of electrolytes. It describes the two major body fluid compartments - intracellular and extracellular fluid - and compares their compositions. Homeostasis aims to regulate the composition and volume of both fluid divisions through fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance maintained by various mechanisms, including buffers like the bicarbonate system. Respiratory and renal systems work to compensate for changes in acid-base levels to maintain pH within a narrow range.
ACID BASE BALANCE.ppt
This document discusses acid-base balance in the human body. It defines key terms like acid, base, pH, and acid-base balance. The body maintains acid-base homeostasis through buffering systems, respiratory compensation of arterial CO2 levels, and renal regulation of bicarbonate excretion. Disruptions can cause respiratory acidosis from inadequate ventilation or metabolic acidosis from an excess of fixed acids. Compensation mechanisms aim to return pH to normal ranges.
Acid base balance..
The document discusses acid-base balance and the mechanisms that regulate pH levels in the human body. There are three primary systems that regulate hydrogen ion levels to maintain blood pH between 7.35-7.45: 1) the buffer system acts rapidly to prevent excessive changes in pH by combining with acids or bases, 2) the respiratory system regulates carbon dioxide levels in the blood through breathing, and 3) the renal system permanently eliminates hydrogen ions through urine and maintains bicarbonate levels. Disruptions to acid-base balance can cause conditions like acidosis or alkalosis with neurological symptoms and the body aims to compensate for underlying issues.
Acid
The document discusses acid-base balance and its regulation in the human body. It states that acid-base balance refers to precise regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids, which is important for homeostasis. The body produces both volatile acids from carbon dioxide metabolism and non-volatile acids from protein metabolism. Buffering systems and the respiratory and renal systems work to balance acid production and maintain pH within a narrow range. Disturbances in acid-base balance can occur from changes in bicarbonate levels or carbon dioxide partial pressure and are assessed using arterial blood gas analysis.
Acid base balane
This document discusses physiology of acid-base balance. It defines acids and bases, explains the pH scale and how it relates to acidosis and alkalosis. It describes the major buffer systems that help regulate pH, including the bicarbonate buffer system. Respiratory and renal mechanisms act to compensate for disturbances in acid-base balance through regulating CO2 and bicarbonate levels. Imbalances can be respiratory or metabolic in nature, affecting acidosis or alkalosis.
Buffer solutions. Blood buffer systems and their mechanisms of action. Sahil...
Buffer solutions. Blood buffer systems and
their mechanisms of action.
[Group 10]
1st Year 2nd Semester
Kursk State Medical university
acid-base.@..........................ppt
عرض الكل
An acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance. A base is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. Acidic
Similar to Biochem p h of blood(may.13.2010) (20)
Acid Base Balance. An important topic in Physiologypptx
Acid Base Balance. An important topic in Physiologypptx
Buffer solutions. Blood buffer systems and their mechanisms of action. Sahil...
Buffer solutions. Blood buffer systems and their mechanisms of action. Sahil...
More from MBBS IMS MSU
Hema practical 05 hema staining
This document provides instructions for several common pathology laboratory procedures using capillary blood samples including preparing blood films, performing Leishman's and Giemsa staining, measuring coagulation time using the slide method, and determining blood groups also using the slide method. It notes that capillary puncture is preferred for peripheral blood smears and that the site should not be squeezed to obtain blood as that alters the composition and invalidates test results. Warming extremities may facilitate blood collection.
Hema practical 03 coagulation
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to investigate hemostasis and coagulation disorders. It outlines five primary screening tests, including platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and fibrinogen level. More specific coagulation factor assays and tests of fibrinolysis are also mentioned. Details are provided on procedures for common coagulation tests like PT, PTT, thrombin time (TT) and activated coagulation time (ACT). The document discusses the clinical implications of abnormal results and potential interfering factors for interpretation.
Hema practical 02 hematology
The document discusses various components of a basic blood test. It provides details on the normal composition and functions of blood, as well as procedures for blood specimen collection. It also explains the clinical implications and reference ranges for various components analyzed in a complete blood count test, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sedimentation rate.
Pharmacology anticoagulation
The document discusses anticoagulants and their use in preventing blood clots. It describes tests like PT, INR, and PTT that are used to monitor anticoagulant therapy and provides normal ranges. PT measures clotting factors while INR standardizes PT results between labs. PTT evaluates heparin therapy and clotting factors. Warfarin users should have an INR of 2.0-3.0 for basic needs or 2.5-3.5 if at high risk of clots.
Microbiology hiv-yf
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
Forensic medicine firearms and firearm injuries
Firearms can be classified as either smooth-bore or rifled-bore weapons. Smooth-bore weapons like shotguns fire multiple projectiles at once, while rifled weapons like pistols and rifles fire a single bullet. Entry wounds vary based on the firearm caliber and distance, from contact wounds with scorching and blackening to distant wounds with scattered powder markings. Exit wounds show a torn hole dependent on the bullet's momentum and any bone fragments carried with it. Forensic analysis of entry and exit wounds can help reconstruct shooting incidents and determine factors like self-infliction, range, direction, and whether a particular weapon was involved.
Forensic medicine firearms and firearm injuries
Firearms can be classified as either smooth-bore or rifled-bore weapons. Smooth-bore weapons like shotguns fire multiple projectiles at once, while rifled weapons like pistols and rifles fire a single bullet. Entry wounds vary based on the firearm caliber and distance, from contact wounds with scorching and blackening at close range to split entry holes at a more distant range. Exit wounds show a torn hole dependent on the bullet's momentum and any bone fragments carried with it, and the entry wound may be larger than the exit wound at close range. Forensic analysis of gunshot wounds can help reconstruct shooting incidents and determine factors like self-infliction, range, direction, and whether a particular weapon
Forensic medicine changes after death
The document discusses changes that occur after death, including cooling of the body, hypostasis (livor mortis), rigor mortis, and decomposition. It provides details on the timing and processes of each change and factors that can influence them. Multiple criteria for determining brain death are also outlined from different medical organizations between 1966-1985. The document recommends brain death be recognized as death and that two specialists should diagnose it.
Pharmacology cvs medicine
1) Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to issues with how the heart fills or empties.
2) Common causes include heart attacks, high blood pressure, and heart valve problems.
3) The renin-angiotensin system helps regulate blood pressure and fluid levels in the body and is activated in heart failure. Drugs that block this system such as ACE inhibitors are used to treat heart failure.
Pharmacology antiarrhythmias
1. Arrhythmias occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm due to problems with the heart's electrical conduction system.
2. Several classes of antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat arrhythmias by blocking sodium, calcium, or potassium channels to suppress abnormal automaticity or conduction in the heart.
3. Common antiarrhythmic drugs include quinidine, mexiletine, flecainide, propranolol, amiodarone, dofetilide, verapamil and diltiazem. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and potential side effects like cardiac toxicity that require careful monitoring.
Pharmacology angina
This document discusses antianginal drugs used to treat angina pectoris, or chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. There are three main classes of drugs used: organic nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Organic nitrates like nitroglycerin work by dilating blood vessels to increase blood flow to the heart and reduce its workload. Beta-blockers lower the heart rate and force of contraction to decrease oxygen demand. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium entry into heart and blood vessel cells to relax vessels and reduce workload. Each drug class is described in more detail regarding mechanisms, effects, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects.
Pathology hematology 3
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S. This leads to polymerization of hemoglobin and distortion of red blood cells. Clinical manifestations include anemia, bone pain, acute chest syndrome, and organ damage to tissues like the spleen, liver, and kidneys. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests detecting hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns and genetic testing.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsy
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
Forensic medicine post mortem artefact
Animal activity after death can cause superficial tissue damage resembling abrasions on bodies found in sandy locations. Insects, ants, beetles and other scavengers will invade the body. In more covered places, mammals like rats, mice, dogs and foxes may feed on bodies when food supplies are low, destroying large areas. Birds like buzzards and crows can pick a body clean in a few days depending on the season. Water bodies host crustaceans, fish and birds that can cause extensive soft tissue damage, with characteristic marks. During autopsy, pathologists must be careful not to misinterpret accidental bone fractures or tissue damage caused by their own actions as injuries. Clinicians' resuscitation efforts or diagnostic techniques ante
Pharmacology anemia and its treatment
The document discusses anemia, including its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines anemia as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels. The main causes are blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. Anemia can be classified as microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic based on red blood cell size. Treatment involves iron supplements in the form of ferrous sulfate, though some patients require alternative preparations due to side effects. Precautions are needed as iron can be toxic in high doses.
Pharmacology neuromuscular blockers & anemia
Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that affect skeletal muscle function by decreasing muscle tone. There are two main types: neuromuscular blockers that interfere with transmission at the neuromuscular junction and have no central nervous system activity, often used during surgery; and centrally-acting muscle relaxants that are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms by acting in the central nervous system. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient, defined as a hemoglobin level below 13 g/dL for men and 12 g/dL for non-pregnant women. Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red
Pharmacology - Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired balance. It can be caused by idiopathic Parkinson's disease, vascular issues, certain drugs that block dopamine, or dementia with Lewy bodies. Treatment aims to increase dopamine in the brain and involves levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, amantadine, and anticholinergic drugs.
Forensic medicine medical negligence
Medical negligence occurs when a doctor breaches his duty of care owed to a patient, resulting in injury to the patient. For a claim of medical negligence to be successful, it must be proven that the doctor owed a duty of care, breached this duty, and this breach caused damages to the patient. Breaches of duty can include failing to follow approved medical practices, making inaccurate diagnoses, risks associated with treatment, and failing to communicate with other doctors. The standard of care owed depends on the doctor's specialty and level of experience. Between 1985-1989, the Malaysian Medical Council inquired into 36 cases of medical negligence and disciplinary issues, finding 21 practitioners guilty as charged.
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
This document discusses medical negligence and the Bolam principle for determining negligence in medical malpractice cases. It provides background on several key cases that helped establish the standard of care. The Bolam principle determines negligence based on whether a doctor's actions fell below the standard of a responsible body of medical professionals. However, it has been criticized for being too protective of doctors. Even if a doctor's actions cause harm, they may not be found negligent under Bolam if other doctors may have acted the same way. The document examines challenges in assessing causation and damages in medical negligence cases.
More from MBBS IMS MSU (20)
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
Biochem p h of blood(may.13.2010)
- 1. pH of BLOOD, ITS REGULATION, ACIDOSIS & ALKALOSIS. MAY.13.2010
- 3. Hydrogen ions are acids which must be maintained within strict limits
- 4. Any deviation from the norm affects biochemical events.
- 7. Normal and abnormal pH ranges of blood pH’s of common substances Basic Concentrated lye 14 Death 8.00 13 12 Alkalosis Household ammonia 11 10 Baking soda 9 7.45 Pancreatic juice 8 Normal Blood pH neutral 7 Water 7.35 Milk 6 Urine 5 Coffee Acidosis 4 Orange juice 3 Vinegar Lemon juice 6.8 2 Death Gastric juice 1 Battery acid 0 Acidic
- 9. Arterial blood is 7.4
- 10. Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35
- 11. Intracellular fluid is 7.0
- 12. Alkalosis or alkalemia – arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
- 13. Acidosis or acidemia – arterial pH drops below 7.35
- 14. Alteration outside these boundaries affects all body systems
- 16. STRONG AND WEAK ACID Strong acid: completely dissociate into anions and cation. Weak acid: Partially dissociate. (not completely break apart)
- 18. CO2 from TCA cycle
- 20. Glycolysis
- 21. TCA cycle and diet(e.g., citric fruits)
- 22. Fatty acid oxidation to ketone bodies
- 23. Fatty acid oxidation to ketone bodies
- 25. Dietary organic phosphates
- 27. Lactic acid
- 28. Pyruvic acid
- 29. Citric acid
- 32. Acetic acid
- 35. Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF.
- 36. Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid.
- 37. Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies.
- 40. These acids must be constantly eliminated from the body.
- 41. Three systems perform this task
- 42. Buffer system
- 46. if pH rises, buffers bind H+;
- 47. if pH falls, buffers release H+
- 48. Protein buffer: Intracellular and plasma proteins absorb H+. Provide ¾ of buffering in body. E.g., hemoglobin.
- 49. Bicarbonate buffering system: Important in plasma
- 51. CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM IN REGULATIOIN OF pH
- 52. THE CENTRAL ROLE OF CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE SYSTEM IN REGULATION OF pH
- 55. Any change in the this 20:1 ratio is immediately corrected to maintain pH.
- 56. An increase H+ causes an increase in H2CO3.
- 58. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes the carbonic acid to convert to carbon dioxide and water.
- 59. The CO2 and the H2O are easily eliminated by the lungs and kidneys.
- 61. The lungs eliminate excess CO2 by increasing respirations, causing a decrease in H+ and an increase in pH.
- 62. The lungs can retain more CO2 by slowing respirations, causing an increase in H+ and a decrease in pH.
- 64. if pH rises, respiratory rate decreases;
- 65. if pH falls, respiratory rate increases.ACID- acid- increase Alkali- alkali-lower
- 69. Kidneys can retain bicarbonate ion, causing a decrease in H+ and an increase in pH
- 70. Kidneys can excrete bicarbonate ion, causing an increase in H+ and a decrease in pH.
- 71. Kidneys
- 72. if pH rises, distal tubule decreases H+ secretion into the urine and decreases HCO3- absorption into the blood (more H2CO3 will dissociate into H+ and HCO3-);
- 74. KIDNEY TUBULES AND pH REGULATION
- 77. Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO2 in ECF
- 79. Generation of organic or fixed acids
- 81. Respiratory: Caused by inadequate ventilation- reduced elimination of CO2, asthma, damage to respiratory center in brain, emphysema.
- 82. Metabolic: Results from all conditions other than respiratory that decrease pH- diarrhea, vomiting, ingesting overdose of aspirin, untreated diabetes mellitus, anaerobic respiration.
- 83. Alkalosis: pH body fluids above 7.45
- 84. Respiratory: Caused by hyperventilation, high altitude (reduced partial pressure of O2)
- 87. Depletion of bicarbonate reserve
- 88. Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys
- 89. Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids
- 92. THE RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
- 94. H+ diffuses into cells and drives out K+, elevating K+ concentration in ECF
- 95. H+ buffered by protein in ICF, causes membrane hyperpolarization, nerve and muscle cells are hard to stimulate; CNS depression may lead to deathHyperkalemia Acidosis
- 97. H+ diffuses out of cells and K+ diffuses in, membranes depolarized, nerves over-stimulate muscles causing spasms, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis Hypokalemia Alkalosis
- 99. Blood pH
- 100. PCO2
- 102. DECREASED IN BLOOD pH
- 104. Low H+ ion concentration = high pH
- 105. Normal pH OF BLOOD [7.35-7.45]
- 106. Regulation of acid-base balance by 3 systems.
- 107. Acid-base disorders.