This document provides information about the kingdom Plantae. It describes the major groups of plants including algae, bryophytes, tracheophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It discusses key plant characteristics like being eukaryotic, undergoing photosynthesis, and having cell walls containing cellulose. It also explains the process of alternation of generations in plants and provides details about plant cells, photosynthesis, and the evolution of plants from single-celled algae to terrestrial plants. Specific sections cover algae characteristics, types of asexual and sexual reproduction in algae, and alternation of generations.

2. Kingdom Plantae
 Algae
 Rhodophyta
 Phaeophyta
 Chlorophyta
 Bryophytes (Mosses)
 Tracheophytes (Ferns)
 Gymnosperms (Conifers)
 Angiosperms (Flowers)

3. Plant Characteristics
 Eukaryotic (nucleus & organelles)
 Autotrophic – Photosynthesis
 Cell walls contain cellulose
 Reproduce via alternation of generations

4. Plant Cell

6. Photosynthesis
 Sugar producing chemical reaction
occurring in chloroplasts
 Thylakoid – Membranous structures
increase surface area for reaction to occur

7. Evolution of Plants

8. Evolution of Plants
 Earliest ancestors – Plant like protists (single celled algae)
 Multicellular green algae is the ancestor to modern terrestrial
plants
 Trend in plant evolution is adaptation to life on land
 More access to sunlight – food
 Challenges of terrestrial life:
 Desiccation
 Structural support
 Reproduction (motile sperm)
 Respiration (gas exchange without water loss)
 Availability of required nutrients (N & K)
 Temperature fluctuation

9. Alternation of Generations
During life cycle plant switches back and forth
between the sporophyte and gametophyte
generations (they alternate)
2 phases:
1. Sporophyte generation = diploid (2N) &
produces spores by meiosis.
2. Gametophyte generation = haploid (N) &
produces gametes (sex cells).

11. Algae
 Unicellular Algae – Kingdom Protista
 Multicellular Algae – Kingdom Plantae
 Phylum Rhodophyta (red)
 Phylum Chlorophyta (green)
 Phylum Phaeophyta (brown)

12. Algae
 Non-Vascular – No transport system to
move water and nutrients around plant
 Seedless – No protective covering around
developing embryo
 Algae must life in aquatic or moist
environments

13. Asexual Reproduction in Algae
1. Fragmentation – piece
breaks off and grows into a
new individual
1. Asexual spores – haploid
1. Mitotic division – simple
cell division (some by
meiosis)

14. Sexual Reproduction in Algae
The two gametes fuse to form a zygote
There are 2 types of gametes:
1. Isogamy – identical gametes or isogametes – same
size & structure. When isogametes fuse =
conjugation.
Isogametes are differentiated by + and – sign (like
fungus)
2. Heterogamy – gametes differ in size & structure
(heterogametes).
Larger, female= egg; smaller, male = sperm. When
egg & sperm fuse = fertilization

15. Alternation of Generations in Algae

16. Snow Algae
 Article and Questions