Female gametophyte
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This slide shows the information about gameophyte. there are two type of gametophyte 1) male gameetophyte 2)female gametophyte we only discussed about the female gametophyte. it has megagametogenesis and different kind of embryo secs and their discription are also their in the slide.
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Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where two male gametes from the pollen fuse with two female cells in the embryo sac. The first fusion is between a male gamete and the egg cell, forming a zygote. The second fusion is between the other male gamete and the central cell nuclei, forming the endosperm. This two-step process was first observed in 1898 and provides angiosperms with seeds that contain nutrients for the embryo's development. Double fertilization likely contributes to angiosperms' dominance as it produces viable seeds adapted for dispersal.
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Funaria
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Gametogenesis is the development of gametes (sex cells) through spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and produces sperm through meiosis. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and produces eggs through meiosis, which is more complex than spermatogenesis. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote, which contains a full set of chromosomes and begins rapidly dividing to form an embryo.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the production of haploid sex cells called gametes through meiosis. There are two types: spermatogenesis which occurs in males, and oogenesis which occurs in females. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia undergoing mitosis and meiosis to produce four haploid spermatids from one diploid spermatogonium. Oogenesis involves oogonia undergoing mitosis and meiosis to produce one haploid ovum and two or three polar bodies from one diploid oogonium. Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, which can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers and genetic disorders.
130 anther dev, ovule dev.revised
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis occur within the anther, resulting in the production of pollen grains containing sperm cells. Key events include the development of microspores from microspore mother cells via meiosis, the formation of an outer exine and inner intine layer around each microspore, and the mitotic division of each microspore into a larger vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell containing the sperm. Similarly, megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur within the ovule, leading to the formation of an embryo sac containing egg and synergid cells through mitotic divisions following meiosis of the megaspore mother cell.
Meiosis and reproduction
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid gametes from a diploid cell for sexual reproduction. It involves two divisions and results in four haploid cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, and then separate, reducing the chromosome number. This and the independent assortment of chromosomes during gamete formation introduces genetic variation that is important for evolution.
Gametogenesis gah
- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (sex cells) via meiosis from germ cells. This involves the formation of haploid egg and sperm cells from diploid precursor cells.
- Eggs undergo a process called oogenesis to form female gametes (ova/eggs). Sperm undergo spermatogenesis to form male gametes. Both involve mitosis, growth, and meiotic maturation.
- Mature eggs contain stored nutrients, proteins, mRNA and other materials necessary to support early embryonic development before the embryo can feed itself. Eggs accumulate these materials during oogenesis.
Cell reproduction
The document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It discusses the key differences between the two types of cell division, including that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four unique haploid cells. The stages of each type of cell division are described in detail, from interphase and prophase to cytokinesis. Meiosis specifically involves two divisions - meiosis I and meiosis II - and produces gametes through spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Cycle of living cells
The cell cycle describes the process of cell growth and division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical reproductive cells. The stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which make up the phases of mitosis.
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Female gametophyte
- 2. what are the gametophytes A gametophyte is a stage in the life cycle of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce gametes, haploid sex cells that participate in fertilization to form a diploid zygote in which each cell has two sets of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the sporophyte, the function of which is to produce haploid spores by meiosis.
- 3. Female gametophyte The female gametophyte is also called the embryo sac. In angiosperms it mostly develops as a seven celled, eight-nucleate structure. It consists of three antipodal cells, one central cell, two synergid cells, and one egg cell mostly. It generally contain antipodal cells at chalazal ends, an egg cell and two synergids at microplyar ends, and a center containing two polar nuclei. Embryo sec is expect the center binucleate cell.
- 4. megagametogenesis Megagametogenesis is the development of a megaspore into an embryo sac, though a highly reduced one - stage in the life cycle of vascular plants. Megagametogenesis involves three identifiable events: 1. A series of mitoses without cytokinesis, 2. Cellularization of the nuclei 3. Cell differentiation
- 6. Types of embryo sac There are three type of megasporogenesis; respectively, 1. Monosporic embryo sac: develop from single megaspore and it sub divided into two type; polygonum type, oenothera type. 2. Bisporic embryo sac: the mmc divide to form dyad cell. there is only one dyad cell undergoes meiotic division and other degenerates. Further its sub divided into 2 types of embryo sac; allium type and endymion type. 3. Tetrasporic embryo sac: mmc divide to form four haploid nuclie. All the four nuclei takes part in the formation of embryo sac. Its further devided into no nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion.
- 7. Types of tetrasporic embryo sac Mega spore nuclear fusion not occur 1. Adoxa type 2. Plumbago type 3. Penaea type 4. Peperomia type 5. Dursa type Megaspore nuclei fuse to form triploid 1. Fritillaria type 2. Plumbagella type 3. Chrysanthimum type
- 9. Embryo sac development in angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana
- 11. Structure of the mature female gametophyte
- 12. Thank you