The document provides a comprehensive overview of the classification and life cycles of various plant groups within the kingdom Plantae, including algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It details the structural characteristics, reproductive methods, and ecological roles of these plants, emphasizing their diverse habitats and economic importance. Additionally, it highlights the unique features of each group, such as the reproductive processes in angiosperms like double fertilization and the absence of archegonia.

1. Kingdom
Plantae
Dicots Mosses&Liverworts Monocots
Presented By:
Miss Vrushali Gharat
Class XI
Fern Gymnosperm
Archana Trust Jr.
Collage, Shahapur. Presented to:
Mr. Kailash Vilegave

2. Classification Of Kingdom
Plantae

4. Green
algae
Life Cycle
Habitat : They occur in all habitat. Only 10% are marine. Majority are fresh water.
Many are subaerial, they grow on moist soils,walls, rocks and tree trunk. Some lives in
hot water and also in snow.
Nutrition : They may be epiphytic, endophytic or epizoic. Some act as parasitic
Cell wall: Cell wall contains cellulose with a few exceptions. Cellulose form inner layer
and outer is called pectose.
Food reservation: Food reserve is starch.Some algae may store food in the form of
oildroplets.
Reproduction: Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation,stolons and
tubers. Asexual reproduction occurs by both mitospores and meiospores. The asexual
spores are zoospores, aplanospores, hynospores, alkinetes, autospores.Sexual
reproduction takes place by isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.

5. Economic
importance Algae.
Food: Many are used as food,
e.g. Ulva,Caulerpa,
Enteromorpha. Chlorella can
yield food rich in lipids, proteins,
vitamins and minerals.
Chlorerella and Spiralling are
used as food supplementary
even by travellers.
Antibiotic: Antibiotic are
extracted from Chlorella and
Calera.
Cephaleuros reduces yield of
tea, coffee, pepper, citrus,etc.
Sewage Oxidation ponds
contain green algae

6. Ulothrix
Life cycle
Habitat: Ulothrix is a genus of
filamentous green algae, generally
found in fresh and marine water. Its
cells are normally as broad as they
are long, and they thrive in the low
temperatures of spring and winter.
They become attached to surfaces
by a modified holdfast cell.
Reproduction: Reproduction is
normally vegetative.
Cell type: The cells of Ulothrix are
Eukaryotic and unicellular. They are
one of the 5 classes of
microorganisms

8. Reproduction
Reproduction in Ulothrix takes place by
means of vegetative, asexual and sexual
methods.
Vegetative reproduction
The common vegetative methods of
reproduction are fragmentation and akinete
formation.
Fragmentation
Vegetative cells of Ulothrix break into small
pieces accidentally. Each fragment develops
into a new filament.
Akinete formation
Some of the vegetative cells of Ulothrix are
converted into thick walled akinetes. Food
reserves are accumulated within the akinetes.
When the conditions are favourable each
akinete develops into a new plant.

9. Volvos
Volvo is an algae with 500-60000 fixed number of cells
living together to form hollow structure called as
coenobium. It shows thallus of flagellate colonies.
Volvas shows oogamy mode of sexual reproduction.

10. Chlamydomonas
(Haplontic)
Life cycle
Cell structure: Chlamydomonas is a
microscopic, eukaryotic, unicellular,
pyriform biflagellate green algae.
Habitat: It is found in fresh water
and marine water rich in ammonium
salts.
Cell organelles: It has an apical
papilla, two contractile vacuoles for
osmoregulation and excretion, cup
like chloroplast with red eye spot or
stigma and a pyrenoid for storage of
starch.
Cell wall: The cell wall does not
contain cellulose instead
glycoprotein is present.
Life cycle: The life cycle of
Chlamydomonas is haplontic.
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction
occurs towards the end of growing
season and during unfavourable
conditionsi.e.winter.

12. SPIROGYRA

13. SPIROGYRA
Life cycle
Habitat : It is an un-branched green filamentous alga found floating in the fresh water
ponds. It is known as pond scum or water silk.
Cell structure : It is covered by a layer of mucliage. The cells are usually longer than
broad. The cytoplasm is in the form of a thin peripheral layer (primordial utricle).There
is the single nucleus, it is suspended in the central vacoule by means of cytoplasmic
strands.
Reproduction : Spirogyra muiltiples vegetatively through fragmentation during rainy
season. Asexual reproduction is rare and occurs by alanospores.

15. Spirogyra

16. Sexual Reproduction in SIPROGYRA
In spirogyra one called male gamete is more active. It passes through the tube and
fuses with other or female gamete. The male gamete shrinks before the female
gamete. The cotaractile vacuole helps in pushing the male gamate into female cell.
The diploid zygote develops a wall around it and forms a resting zygospores. Its
nucleus under goes meiosis forming four haploid nuclei. Three degenerate and
protoplast with the remaining haploid nucleus grows in size, beraks the
zygospores wall and comes out as a germ tube. The germ tube develops into a
filament. Life cycle is haplontic.

17. Bryophyte
Mosses
Life cycle of Mosses
A typical moss plant like Funaria
hygrometric (Cord Moss) is a radically
symmetrical plant which is differentiated
into stem or axis, leaves or phylloids and
muilticellular branched rhizoids.
Stem and leaves are not similar to those
of tracheophytes as they are
gametophyte and lack vascular strands.
Moss plant multiply extensively by
vegetative means. Sexually they multiply
by forming sex organs. The sex organ in
two receptacles borne at the tips of the
male and female shoots. The life cycle is
diplohaplontic with heteromorphy
alternating of generations.

22. Mosses and Liverwort
Moss
• Mosses posses radial symmetry.
• The plants are usually foliose.
• Branching is lateral.
• Rhizoids are multicellular and
branched.
• Seta develops fully before the
maturity of spores.
• Vascular tissues are absent.
• Sex organs are borne in clusters
at the tips of main stem stems or
branches. Abundant vegetative
reproduction explains the
gregarious nature.
Liverwort
• Liverworts posses dorsiventral
symmetry.
• The plants are usually thalloid.
• Branching is dichotomous.
• Rhizoids are unicellular.
• Seta develops rapidly towards the
maturity of the cell
• Vascular tissues are present.
• Sex organs are disposal variously.
They may be embedded in the
thallus, develop in the axils of the
leaves or on the stalked
receptacles.They may be
produced either on the same or
on different thallium.

23. Pteridophyta
fern
Life cycle:
Adiantum (Maiden hair fern) and Dryopteris
(Male shield fern)are the two common fern.
Ferns grow in moist, cool, shady places.
Adiantum occurs under bridges, water
courses and walls of old wells. Plant body is
perreinal independently living evergreen
saprophyte. Roots are adventitious. Stem is
an underground rhizome. Rhizome is
sparingly branched in Dryopteris, moderately
branched in Pteris and Adiantum. Leaf base
possess an adventurous bud in Dryopteris.
Lamina is unipinnate in Adiantum. Root has
an epiblem, a cortex, endodermis, pericycle,
two bundles of phloem and plate of diarch
exarch xylem.

24. Pteridophyta
eg:Nephrolepis
Life Cycle
• The teridophyta are also known a vascular cryptogams.
• These where the first vascular plants on the land and considered as the
first terrestrial plants with true roots, stem &leaves.
• The plant Nephrolepis consists of pinnate(feather like) leaves.
• These plants have primitive conducting system and they are the only
cryptogams with vascular tissues.
• They do not produce flowers, fruits & seeds.
• These plant are small, terrestrial, either annual or perennial and grows in
moist and shady places.
• The xylem consists of only tracheid and phloem consists of sieve cells
only. Secondary growth is not seen due to absence of cambium.
• They show asexual reproduction and produces spores by meiosis.

26. Reproduction in fern
The fern multiplies vegetatively by
fragmentation of rhizome and development
of adventitious buds.In Dryopteris the
adventitious bud present at the lef base
seperates and grows into a new plant. In
Adiantum caudatum adventitious buds
develops at leaf tips . When these tips touch
the soil, they form new plant . Because of this
reason it is also called walking fern . In certain
season the mature leaflet bear stalked
sporangia in cluster called sori . This soris are
on the under surface of leaf lets it is called as
main shield fern .The spore mother cell
divides by meiosis and produce haploid force .
The spore mother cell divide meiotically to
form spore . Sperms are attached to the open
archegonia , it fuses with an oosphere to form
a diploid , it gives rise to embryo which forms
fern plant . The life cycle is diplohaplontic with
heteromorphic alternation of generation

27. Pheneroganes
gymnosperm - Pine
Life cycle of pine:
In India six species of pine have been reported.
The common ones are:1Pinus roxburghii, 2 Pinus
guardian, 3Pinus excelsa.
Vegetative reproduction is absent. Pinus is
monoecious i.e. Both male and female cones are
borne on the same plant. A male cone is also
called as strobilus or staminate cone, it has a
number of micresporophylls(60-150), which are
spirally arranged. Each microrsporophyll bears two
microsporangia. The life of a male cone is a few
weeks and after pollination it whithers off and
falls.In the sporangium the diploid microspore
mother cells undergo meiosis and form haploid
microspores.At maturity the yellow pollen grains
are released and dispersed by air currents.They
form yellow clouds or sulpher shower in the pine
forest.Each pollen grain has two air sacs or wings
for making it light.

28. Structure of seed of
pine
 The upper surface layer of ovuliferous
scale, close to ovule, becomes memberanous
and develope as a wing of the seed. This
helps in seed dispersal.
The outer fleshy layer of integument
degenerates.
The middle stony layer of integument forms
the brown coloured testa or seed coat.
The inner fleshy layer of integument perists
in the form of thin membrane.
The nucleus is used by the female
gametophyte.A small remaining portion of
nucleus papery structure known as
perisperm.
The haploid female gametophyte
surrounding the embryo forms an oily white
kernal.
The plumule is surrounded by 8-14
cotyledons which are green in colour.
The germination in pinus is epigeal.

29. Life cycle of Gymnosperm

31. Life cycle of pine

32. Life cycle of pine.

33. Cycas
Life cycle of Cycas:
Cycas is called as living fossils as it posses
many characters of extint petridosperm and
cycads. It is an evergreen small palm like or
fern tree like saprophyte.
It reaches a height of 0.4m to 20.0m.In the
male plant the leaf base are of two types and
in females the leaf base are of three types.
The top bears a crown of leaves. The leaves
are of two types large green foliage and
small brownish scale leaves.
Reproduction:
Vegetative reproduction occurs by fleshy
bulbils which arises in the crevices in
persistent leaf bases, on the basal portion of
the trunk. These bulbils are small ovoid
adventitious buds.

34. Seed of cycas
Seed of cycas is orange-red colour which is fleshy
outer sarcotesta for attracting birds which help in
seed dispersal.
Middle sclerotesta is stony, while the innermost
seed coat is generally papery. Seed n=enclose a
papery persistent nucleus a food laden endosperm
or female gametophyte and a straight embryo a
embedded in the middle. The mature embryo is
dicotyledonus.It take 5-6 months between embryo
embedded in the middle.A mature seed of cycas
representes 3 generations-
Testa and nucleus represent the sporophytic
parent generation.
The endosperm of female gametophyte
represents the second generation i.e gametophyte.
The embryo represents third generation i.e next
sporophytic generation.

35. ULVA
Life cycle:
It is also called as sea lettus leaves. Ulva lactuca is very common
on rocks and on other algae on shores. It is particularly prolific
in areas where nutrients are abundant. The sporangial and
gametangial thalli are morphologically alike. The diploid adult
plant produces haploid zoospores by meiosis, these settle and
grow to form haploid male and female plants similar to the
diploid plants. When these haploid plants release gametes they
unite to produce the zygote which germinates, and grows to
produce the diploid plant.

36. Structure of Ulva

37. Life Cycle of Ulva

38. Selaginella(club moss/spike moss-
Diplohaplontic.
The small evergreen vascular
pteridophyte/cryptogram is found in the tropical
rain forest and wet temperature.The leaves are
microphyllous,sessile with cordate(heart shaped)
base,unbranched midribs.In some species the
leaves are isophyllus. Leaf has stomata in the both
upper and lower epidermis.
Rizophores:
In many species of selaginella,several long,leafless,
colorless,thread like structure originates from the
point of dichotomy of stem, they are called as
rizophorous.

39. Seed habit of selaginella:
Selaginella shows traits which resemble the characteristic
essential for formation of seed .
i) Heterospory
ii) Formation of two types of gamatophytes, i.e. male & female.
iii) Gametophyte are nutritionally dependent on parent sporophyte.
iv) Gametophyte shows precocious development which is also
endospermic.
v) The functional mega spores mother cell is only one.
vi) In some species , a single megaspore develops into a mega
sporangia.
vii) In some species the megaspore is not shed but develops
completely inside partially opened mega sporangia. Microspores
reach there and form male gametophyte. Fertilization and
development of embryo also occurs there. However, seed
formation does not occur.

40. Reproduction in selaginella
 Reproduction takes place by fragmentation,
bulbils(fleshy perennating shoot tip) & tuber
(underground perennating structure).
 Selaginella is hetrosporous. The plant body
produces haploid spores which serve a means of
asexual reproduction.
 The spores are produce inside the sporangia borne
in the axils of porophylls.
 The zygote forms the embryo and embryo i
developed in endoscopic.
 In salginella the life cycle i diplohaplontic with
hetromorphic alternation of generations.

41. Life cycle of selaginella

42. Angiosperm
 Angiosperm are the most highly evolved plants.
 They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic
Wolfia to tall trees of Eucalyptus.
 Sporophylls are aggregated to form flowers.
 Pollination is through several agencies but most
prominent is by animals.
 Archegonia are absent.
 Xylem contains vessels.
 Phloem contains sieve tube and companion cells.
 Secondary growth occurs in stem and root of some
angiosperm(dicots)

43. Reproduction in Angiosperms:
In the Angiosperms the pollen grains reach at the tip of
megasporophyll and form a pollen tubes enter the
embryo-sac where two male gamates are discharged.
One of the male gamate fuses with the egg cell to form
a zygote (symgamy). The other male gamate fuses with
the diploid secondary nucleus to produce the triploid
primary endosperm nucleus. Because of the
involvement of two fusion, this event is termed as
double fertilization, an event unique to angiosperms.
The zygote develops into an embryo & the primary
endosperm nucleus develops into endosperm which
provides nourishment to the developing embryo. The
synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilization.
During these events the ovules develops into seed and
the ovaries develops into fruit.

44. Life cycle in Angiosperm

45. Life cycle of
Angiosperm

46. Life cycle in Angiosprem

47. Angiosperms

51. Economic importance of
angiosperm
 Food: Cereals, pulses, fruits, nuts & vegetables are
obtained.
 Oils: Edible oil are obtained from groundnut,
sunflower, cottonseeds, coconut.
 Spices: They include Cinnamon, Cloves, Chillies,
Black paper, Caraway(jera).
 Medicines: Some of them are aconite, belladona,
liquorice, quinine, etc.
 Beverages: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa are got from
flowering plant.
 Timber: It is mostly obtained from dicotyledonous
trees.

52. Angiosperms are sub-divided
into two classes:
1.Monocotyledonae
2.Dicotyledonae

53. 1.Monocotyledonae
 These plants have single cotyledon in their
embryo.
 They have adventitious root system and the system
is rarely branched.
 The leaves generally have sheathing leaf base and
parallel venation while the flowers are generally
trimerous.
 The vascular bundles of stem are conjoint,
collateral and closed.
 In monocots, secondary growth is absent due to
absence of cambium.

54. 2.Dicotyledonae
 These plants have two cotyledons in their embryo.
 They have a tap root system and the stem is generally
profusely branched.
 The leaves show reticulate venation while the flowers show
tetra or pentamerous symmetry.
 The vascular bundles of stem are conjoint, collateral and
open.
 In dicots, secondary growth is commonly found.
 Eg: Helianthus annus(Sunflower), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(
China rose).

60. Sporophyte
Life
Cycle
 It is the diploid generation in the life cycle.
 Sporophyte may bear spore producing organs
called as sporangium.
 Inside the sporangium diploid pore mothers are
present.
 Spore mother cells undergoes meiosis to produce
spores. This spores are called meiospores.
 These spore are differentiated into
megaspores(female) and microspores(male).
 These haploid meiospores interlink the two
generations as they are formed from diploid
sporophyte by meiosis and give rise to haploid
generation by germination.

61. Life Cycle of Sporophyta

62. Thank you !