1) Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos and are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis. 2) There are four major groups of plants: bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Angiosperms are the most common and produce seeds inside flowers. 3) Plants go through life cycles that alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte phases. During the gametophyte phase, gametes are produced which fuse during fertilization to form the sporophyte.

1. Plant
Kingdo

2. Basic Plant Characteristics
1) Multicellular
2) Eukaryotic
3) Cell walls contain cellulose
4) Develop from multicellular
embryos
5) Autotrophic  make food
by photosynthesis using
chlorophyll

3. What Plants Need
to Survive…
• Sunlight
• Water
• Vitamins/Minerals
• Gas Exchange (O2 and CO2)
• A method of transport to move
water and other materials to
all parts of plant.

4. General Life Cycle Plants
• Two alternating phases:
1) Diploid Phase (Sporophyte)
-Sporophyte makes spores by
meiosis
-Develop into gametophyte
2) Haploid Phase (Gametophyte)
-Produce male and female
gametes by mitosis
-Gametes eventually join to form
sporophyte

5. Alternating Phases: Plant Life Cycle

6. Evolutionary Trends and Plants…
• Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular
green algae
• Plants have evolved specific adaptations
to help them survive in a variety of
different climates.
• There are 4 major groups of plants which
are separated by three distinct features:
1) vascular tissue
2) Seeds
3) flowers

7. 4 Major Groups of Plants
Green Algae Ancestor

8. Plant Review
• Four main groups of plants
1. Bryophytes (Moss)
NO
SEEDS 2. Seedless vascular plants
(Ferns)
3. Gymnosperms (Cone bearing
SEED plants)
PLANTS
• Form seeds in “cones.”
1. Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
• Form seeds inside of “flowers.”

9. Bryophytes
•Non-vascular plants
•Obtain/transfer water by osmosis
•No true roots, leaves, stems
•“Rhizoids”– anchor plant to ground
•Low-growing (only few inches high)
•Grow moist, shaded areas
•Ex) Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

10. Life Cycle Bryophytes
• Gametophyte is dominant stage
• Depends on water to reproduce
• Spore protonema (tangled mass green filaments)
develop into gametophyte plant
• Specific structures make reproductive cells at tips
of gametophyte plant
• Antheridia = sperm and Archegonia = egg
• Join create diploid zygotes = sporophyte stage

11. Seedless Vascular Plants
• 1st true land plants
• Contain “vascular
tissue”
• Ex) Ferns, club
moss, horsetails

12. Structure: Seedless Vascular Plants
• 2 Types of vascular tissue:
-xylem – moves water from roots to all
parts of plants
-phloem – distributes nutrients and
carbohyrates (food) within plant
• Have roots, leaves, and stems
-roots – absorb water/nutrients
-leaves – site photosynthesis
-stems – support plant and connect
leaves and roots
• Ferns have strong roots called “rhizomes” and
very large leaves called “fronds.”

13. Fern Life Cycle
• Sporophyte dominant stage
• Grow haploid spores underside of fronds in structures called
sporangia (clustered sporangia = sori)
• Spores carried by wind and water  grow into haploid
gametophyte
• Gametophyte makes antheridia and archegonium which release
sperm and eggs.
• Zygotes form adult, diploid, sporophyte.

14. Gymnosperms
•Reproduce with seeds instead of spores
•Do not require water for reproduction
•Seeds are “exposed” = naked seeds
•Seed produced inside cone-like structure
•Ex) “Conifers/Evergreens”–fir, spruce, ginko

15. Angiosperms
• Most common of all land plants.
• Seeds develop inside ovary within a
“flower”
• Flowers attract animals to support
pollination.
• After “fertilization” seed within flower
develops into “fruit.”
• Angiosperms = “enclosed seed”
• 2 groups angiosperms:
1) Monocots
2) Dicots

17. Life Spans Angiosperms
• Annuals- survive one season
• Biennials- take 2 years to complete
life cycle
• Perennials- live many years