1. The document divides plants into 5 divisions based on their characteristics and complexity. These include thallophyta (algae), bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), pteridophyta (ferns), gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), and angiosperms (flowering plants). 2. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds contain one cotyledon or two. Monocots and dicots differ in features such as their root structure, vascular bundles, leaf and flower structure. 3. The five divisions of plants progress from the simplest thallophyta to the most advanced and complex flowering plants of the ang

1. (multicellular green plants and advanced algae)
Further divided into 5 divisions

2. • Division 1 – Thallophyta
(Gr., thallus – plant body without root, stem
& leaves, phyton - a plant) Algae
e.g. – Ulothrix, Cladomonas, Ulva, Chara,
Spirogyra

3. Ulothrix Spirogyra
Cladomonas Ulva Chara

4. • Division 2 – Bryophyta
( Gr., bryon – a moss, a liverwort)
e.g. - Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria
Riccia Marchantia
Funaria

5. • Division 3 – Pteridophta
( Gr., pteris, - idos – fern)
e.g. – Selaginella, Lycopodium, Marsilea,
Equisetum, Azolla, Adiantum, Dryopteris
Selaginella
Lycopodium

6. Marsilea Equisetum
Azolla Adiantum Dryopteris

7. • Division 4 – Gymnosperm
(Gr. Gymno – naked, sperma –seed)
e.g. – Cycus, Pinus, Ginkgo
Cycus
Pinus
Ginkgo

8. • Division 5 - Angiosperm
(Gr., angeion – case ; Sperma - seed)
• Sub Division I – Monocotyledon
( mono – one, cotyledon – seed leaf)
e.g. – Maize, Wheat, rice, onion,
sugarcane, barley, banana, coconut
Wheat Rice Sugarcane

9. • Sub Division II – Dicotyledon ( di – two;
cotyledon – seed leaf)
e.g. – Pea, potato, sunflower, rose,
banyan, neem, apple
potato
sunflower
banyan
apple

10. 1. Division – Thallophyta
• Most primitive & simple plants. Plant body is
not differentiated into stem,root and leaves but
it is in the form of an undivided thallus.
• Most are aquatic – marine/ fresh water. Some
are terrestrial (live on land near moist places)
• Usually contain green pigment (chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis. Some algae have other
photosynthetic pigments such as red, brown,
blue green and purple)
• Autotrophic

11. • cellulose cell wall around cell
• Vascular tissue absent
• Reproduction – Asexual- generally by spores
• Sex organs simple, single celled, no embryo
formation
• Green algae - Ulothrix, Cladophora, Spirogyra,
Ulva, Chara
• Red algae – Batra, Polysiphonia
• Brown algae – Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum

12. 2. Division – Bryophyta
• multicellular, small, simplest land plants
confined to shady damp places
• Plant body - flat, green thallus in
liverworts & leafy, erect structures in
mosses
• lack true roots, stem and leaves and have
no flower
• True vascular system absent

13. • Gamatophyte is attached to substratum
by means of hair-like outgrowths -
Rhizoids
• Sex organs multicellular, embryo formed
after fertilization
e.g. – liverworts – Riccia, Marchantia
mosses – Funaria, Sphagnum
Riccia Funaria

14. 3. Division – Pteriodophyta
• Found in shady & damp places
• plant body is made of root, stem and leaves
• Vascular system – well developed
• have no flowers & do not produce seeds
• sex organs – multicellula & jacketed by sterile
cells, fertilized egg develops into embryo
• e.g. Selaginella, Lycopodium, Equisetum,
Marsilea, Azolla, Adiantum, Dryopteris, Pteris,
Pteridium

15. 4. Division – Gymnosperm
• Most primitive & simple seed plants
• seeds are naked & not enclosed within
fruits
• usually perennial, evergreen and woody
plants
• e.g. – Cycus, Pinus (pine) , Cedrus
(deodar) , Ginkgo
Cycus
Pinus
Ginkgo

16. 5. Division – Angiosperm
• Highly evolved plants
• Seeds are enclosed within fruit
• Reproductive organs are aggregated in a
flower
• Embryo in seeds have structures called ‘
cotyledon’ – (seed leaves)

17. On basis of the number of
cotyledons angiosperms are divide
in 2 groups
Division Angiosperm
Subdivision Monocoteledon Dicotyledon
Seeds Have one cotyledon Have two coteledon
Root
system
Fibrous Tap
Stem Hollow (bamboo), Strong stem
Reduced to disc
( onion, garlic),
False stem (banana)

18. Vascular
bundle
Scattered, closed
(lack cambium),
secondary growth
does not occur
Arranged in ring,
open (have
cambium),
undergo
secondary
division
Leaf Radical (arises
directly from soil),
sessile (without
petiole), parallel
venation (e.g.
banana)
Petiolate (have
petiole), dorsi-
ventral (having
dissimilar dorsal
& ventral
surfaces),
reticulate
venation (e.g.
hibiscus)

19. flower Trimerous (parts
arranged in groups
of three)
Pentamerous
(parts arranged
in groups of
five)
Examples Maize, Wheat,
Rice, Onion,
Sugarcane, Barley,
Banana, Coconut,
grasses
Pea, potato,
sunflower, rose,
banyan, neem,
apple