The document discusses the classification of plants into the kingdom Plantae. It describes the five major subgroups within this kingdom: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. For each subgroup, it provides 1-2 defining characteristics and an example. It also compares the differences between monocots and dicots, as well as between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
This is a ppt on the Anamalia Kingdom. made by :-
Anushka Mukherjee
Riddhima Ghosh Roy
Sameeha Pathan
Shruti Ugalmugale
Akaanksha Kadam
from Vibgyor High School NIBM,Pune, Maharashtra, India
Discussion of the functions of leaves, focusing on Photosynthesis and the process. Also covers transpiration, O2 CO2 transfer, germination. Appropriate for high school level students.
The Science of Zoology
Zoology As Part of Biology
Branches of Zoology
Branches of Zoology related to the medical science
Importance in daily life
The Importance of Animals in Biomedical Research
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction:
Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations.
Discussion of the functions of leaves, focusing on Photosynthesis and the process. Also covers transpiration, O2 CO2 transfer, germination. Appropriate for high school level students.
The Science of Zoology
Zoology As Part of Biology
Branches of Zoology
Branches of Zoology related to the medical science
Importance in daily life
The Importance of Animals in Biomedical Research
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction:
Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations.
Fungi is most abundantly found organism in earth, almost all parts of earth we found earth, here we represent some characteristic with their uses and disadvantages .
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Biological Classification
This ppt shows the details of biological classification. it gives a brief idea about the five kingdom classification with a detailed description of kingdoms monera, protista and fungi. a detailed description of viruses, viroids, prions and lichens have also been given....
For more details visit my youtube channel: (VIHIRA ACADEMY)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
A simple Q/ A on Nutrition in plants for class 7. This ppt covers the basic definition on autotrophs, heterotrophs, parasites, symbiosis, insectivores plant and much more ........
Study of plant kingdom made easy. Students often find this chapter difficult to understand as they cannot relate to plants very well (especially because they don't play outdoors or observe nature around them). For a student of Biology it is important to develop an interest and be able to relate to plants as well as we do to animals. I have worked hard to make this ppt as interesting as I could. I hope it will provide some help to students and other fellow teachers who wish to make their class interesting and interactive.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
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as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Plant Kingdom – Plantae
• Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants on the earth.
• They are multicellular, eukaryotes and consist of a
rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane
called the cell wall.
• Plants also have a green coloured pigment called
chlorophyll that is quite important for photosynthesis.
3. Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
• The plant kingdom has the following characteristic
features:
• They are non-motile.
• They usually reproduce sexually.
• They follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.
• These are multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall and
vacuoles.
• These contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll
in the plastids.
• They ave different organelles for anchorage, reproduction,
support and photosynthesis.
4. Classification of Kingdom Plantae
A plant kingdom is a vast group; therefore, the kingdom
is further classified into subgroups. Levels of
classification are based on the following three criteria:
• Plant body:
whether the body has well-differentiated structures or
not.
• Vascular system:
Whether the plant has a vascular system for the
transportation of substances or not
• Seed formation:
whether the plant bears flowers and seeds or not; if it
does, then whether it is enclosed within fruits or not.
5.
6. the plant kingdom has been classified into
five subgroups. They are as follows:
• Thallophyta
• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
7. Cryptogams
• Cryptogams are plants that do not have well-developed
or conspicuous reproductive organs.
• The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes
are ‘cryptogams’.
• Reproduction in all three groups occurs through spore
formation.
• Plants with spores are called cryptogam. They
contains only naked embryo and are generally
unicellular
8. Plants that have conspicuous reproductive organs and
produce seeds are called phanerogams.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms belong to the group
phanerogams. These are multicellular, eukaryotic and
chlorophyll containing plants.
phanerogams
9. • Thallophytes- Thallopytes commonly include
members with primitive and simple body designs
such as green algae and brown algae. The majority of
them are aquatic. Common examples are Spirogyra,
Chara, Ulothrix, etc.
• Bryophytes - Bryophytes have differentiated plant
body like stem, leaf structures. But they lack a
vascular system for the transportation of substances
across the plant body. Bryophytes are found in both
land and aquatic habitats, hence are known as
amphibians of the plant kingdom. Mosses and
Marchantia belong to this subgroup.
• Pteridophytes- Pteridophytes have well
differentiated structures such as stem, root, leaves as
well as a vascular system.
10. • Body of the organisms is not differentiated into organs.
• Mainly aquatic found in marine and fresh water.
• Tissue for conduction of material and for mechanical strength is
absent.
• They are covered by mucilage.
• Reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction.
• Algae are example of this
THALLOPHYTA
• The plant body is not differentiated
into stem, root andleaves but is in the
form of an undivided thallus.
• Vascular tissues are absent.
• The reproductive organs are single-
celled and there is no embryo
formation after fertilization.
• This division includes three sub-
divisions: algae, fungi and lichens
11.
12. Economic Importance Of Fungi
Fungi are an important organism in human life. They play an
important role in medicine yielding antibiotics, in agriculture by
maintaining soil fertility, are an important means of food, and
forms the basis of many industries. Let us have a look at some of
the fields where fungi are really important.
Importance in Human Life -Fungi are very important to humans at
many levels. They are an important part of the nutrient cycle in the
ecosystem. They also act as pesticides.
Biological Insecticides- Fungi are animal pathogens. Thus they
help in controlling the population of pests. These fungi do not
infect plants and animals. They attack specifically to some
insects. The fungus Beauveria bassiana is a pesticide that is
being tested to control the spread of emerald ash borer.
Reusing-These microbes along with bacteria bring about
recycling of matter by decomposing dead matter of plants and
excreta of animals in the soil, hence the reuse enriches the soil to
make it fertile. The absence of activities of fungi can have an
adverse effect on this on-going process by continuous assembly
and piling of debris.
13. Importance in Medicine
• Metabolites of fungi are of great commercial importance.
• Antibiotics are the substances produced by fungi, useful
for the treatment of diseases caused by pathogens.
Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes and moulds
inhibits the growth of other microbes.
• Apart from curing diseases, antibiotics are also used fed
to animals for speedy growth and to improve meat
quality. Antibiotics are used to preserve freshly
produced meat for longer durations.
Importance in Agriculture
• The fungi plant dynamic is essential in productivity of
crops. Fungal activity in farmlands contributes to the
growth of plants by about 70%.
• Fungi are important in the process of humus formation
as it brings about the degeneration of the plant and
animal matter.
14. Importance in Food industry
Some fungi are used in food processing while
some are directly consumed. For example –
Mushrooms, which are rich in proteins and
minerals and low in fat.
Fungi constitute the basis in the baking and
brewing industry. They bring
about fermentation of sugar by an enzyme
called zymase producing alcohol which is used
to make wine.
Carbon dioxide- a byproduct in the process, is
used as dry ice and also in the baking industry
to make the dough (rising and lightening of
dough).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important
ingredient in bread, a staple food of humans for
several years. It is also known as the baker’s
yeast.
15. Mode of nutrition
On the basis of nutrition, kingdom fungi can be classified
into 3 groups.
Saprophytic –
The fungi obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic
substances. Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus.
Parasitic –
The fungi obtain their nutrition by living on other living
organisms (plants or animals) and absorb nutrients from
their host. Examples: Taphrina, and Puccinia.
Symbiotic –
These fungi live by having an interdependent relationship
association with other species in which both are mutually
benefited. Examples: Lichens and mycorrhiza.
Lichens are the symbiotic association between algae and
fungi. Here both algae and fungi are mutually benefited as
fungi provide shelter for algae and in reverse algae synthesis
carbohydrates for fungi.
16.
17.
18.
19. BRYOPHYTA
• Plant body is differentiated into leaf, root and stem like
structures.
• Special conducting tissues are not present.
• These are known as amphibians of plant kingdoms.
• Reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
reproduction.
• Funaria, Riccia and Marchantia are few examples.
20. • Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refers to
all embryo phytes (land plants) that do not have
true vascular tissue and are therefore called 'non-
vascular plants'.
• Some bryophytes do have specialized tissues
for the transport of water; however since these do
not contain lignin, they are not considered to be
true vascular tissue.
• Currently bryophytes are thought not to be a
naturalor monophyletic group; however the name
is convenient and remains in use as a collective
term for mosses,hornworts, and liverworts.
Marchantia
21. •Moss and Liverwort belong to this variety of plants. There
are the simplest form of land plants. The plant body is flat
and lack true leaves and roots. The upper surface of the
plant body produces a stalk which bears a capsule. The
capsule contains spores
22. Before the flowering plants, the landscape was
dominated with plants that looked like ferns for
hundreds of millions of years. Unlike most
other members of the Plant Kingdom,
pteridophytes don’t reproduce through seeds;
they reproduce through spores instead.
Life Cycle of Pteridophyta is almost the same
as seed-bearing plants, where alternation of
generations is observed.
Pteridophyta
23. Pteridophyta Characteristics
• It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and
through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted
on to dry land. And among the first of the plants to truly
live on land were the Pteridophytes .
• The sporophyte generation and the gametophyte
generation are observed in Pteridophytes
• Pteridophytes are seedless, and they procreate
through spores. They don’t have conducting tissues for
transportation of water and minerals. Instead, the water
and minerals flow from the surface of the plant- cell to
cell in the plant’s body. This is also one of the reasons
why these plants need a constantly moist environment
to survive .
• They contain vascular tissues
24. •The tip of the leaves tends to curl inwards protect the
vulnerable growing parts.
• The male sex organs are called antheridia, while
the female sex organs are called archegonia
• The sporangium is the structure in which spores
are formed.
• They are usually homosporous (meaning: one
type of spore is produced) and are also
heterosporous, (meaning: two kinds of spores are
produced.
• Leaves that bear the sporangia are termed as
sporophylls
25. Examples of Pteridophytes
Following are the important examples of
Pteridophyta:
Lycopodium
Selaginella
Equisetum
Marsilea
Azola
Adiantum
Pteridium
26. Angiosperms-
Angiosperms are also seed-bearing plants with
well-differentiated plant body. The word is derived
from Greek words: angio: covered and sperma:
seed. Unlike gymnosperms, seeds of
angiosperms are enclosed inside the fruits.
Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering
plants.
Examples include the Mango tree, pomegranate
plant, etc. Seeds germinate from
embryonic leaves called
cotyledons.
27. Characteristics of Angiosperms
ofof Angiosperms
• All plants have flers at some stage in their life. The flowers are
the reproductive organs for the plant, providing them with a
means of exchanging genetic information.
• The sporophyte is differentiated into stems, roots, and leaves.
• The vascular system has true vessels in the xylem and
companion cells in the phloem.
• The stamens and the carpels are organized into a structure
called the flower.
• The seeds enclose embryo, the miniature of plant body.
• The embryo has plumule , radicle and cotyledons
• On the basis of number of cotyledons in the embryo ,the
angiosperms are distinguished into two groups :
Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
28.
29. The seeds have a single cotyledon.
The leaves are simple and the veins are parallel.
This group contains adventitious roots.
e.g., banana, sugarcane, lilies, etc.
Monocots
30. Dicots
e.g., grapes, sunflower, tomatoes, etc
The seeds of these plants have two cotyledons.
They contain tap roots, instead of adventitious roots.
The leaves depict a reticulate venation.
32. Gymnosperms-
Gymnosperms are plants that have well-differentiated plant
body, vascular system and they bear seeds. The term is
derived from Greek words, gymno: naked and sperma: seed.
The seeds of gymnosperms are naked which means they are
not enclosed within a fruit. The perennial, evergreen woody
trees belong to this group. Pines, deodar, redwood, etc. are a
few examples.
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
They are found in colder regions where
snowfall occurs.
They develop needle-like leaves.
They are perennial or woody, forming trees
33. • They are not differentiated into ovary, style and stigma.
• Since stigma is absent, they are pollinated directly by
the wind.
• They form cones with reproductive structures.
• The seeds contain endosperm that stores food for the
growth and development of the plant.
• These plants have vascular tissues which help in
transportation of nutrients and water.
• Xylem does not have vessels, and the phloem has no
companion cells and sieve tubes