This document discusses the characteristics of vascular plants, specifically angiosperms. It describes that angiosperms have enclosed seeds protected inside a fruit. They have flowers, vascular tissue, and alternate between generations. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon and parallel veins, while dicots have two cotyledons and branching veins. The document outlines the structures and functions of floral parts and how angiosperms reproduce through a process called double fertilization.

1. KINGDOM PLANTAE
Vascular PlantsVascular Plants
Phylum TracheophytaPhylum Tracheophyta
SeedsSeeds
SeedsSeeds
‘naked’‘naked’
SeedsSeeds
enclosedenclosed
GymnospermsGymnosperms
MONOCOTSMONOCOTSDICOTSDICOTS
AngiospermsAngiosperms

2. Angiosperms
Phylum Tracheophyta

3. Fruits

4. Vegetables

5. Flowering Trees

6. Lilies

7. Cactus Flowers

8. Poppies

9. Orchids

10. Oddballs

11. Examples – flowering plants
fruit trees, vegetable plants, tulips, grass

12. Angiosperm Characteristics:
• Enclosed seeds and
protected inside a fruit
of the flower
• Have flowers
• Vascular tissue
• Alternation of
generations
• Meristem tissue,
parenchyma, stoma,
guard cells, and
epidermis (cuticle)

13. Dermal tissue
• Epidermis
– Contains guard cells which surround the stomata
(the hole in the leaf) that allows to control water
retention or loss and amount CO2
– Releases waxy cuticle (prevents water from
getting in or out)
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14. General cells
• Parenchyma – site of metabolism and
photosythesis
• Collenchyma (c for celery) – durable cells in
celery to provide support
• Schlerenchyma – really durable tissue
(wooded portions). Eg. Hemp rope
– Core of an apple
– Grit on inside of pear
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15. Vascular
• Xylem – moving water (very internal)
• Phloem – moves sugars up and down the
plant
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16. Growth of a plant
• Story – “if you place a spike in a 16 ft tree 3
feet up in a tree and came back 40 years later
to a very tall tree (60 ft tall), where would that
spike be?”
– Same spot
– Trees grow from roots and shoots, middle will stay
the same (bark will grow up)
– Primary growth – apical meristem (like stem cell)
• RAM – root apical meristem (growing down) – root cap
• SAM – shoot apical mertistem (growing up)
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17. Secondary growth
• Allows plants to get wider
– Xyleum (water) and phoem (sugar) are produced
by vascular cambium
– Cork cambium – makes waterproof cork
– Rings are xyleum (seasons)
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18. Alternation of generations
• There are female parts
and male parts to flowers
• The ovules, or eggs, in
flowering plants are
completely surrounded
by the protective wall of
the ovary, which will
form the fruit. (ovule =
megaspore)
• Pollen (microspore) is
produced by the anthers
and is the male part of
the flower.

19. Alternation of generations continued
• Pollen is transferred from
flower to flower by wind, a
bee, an insect or other
animal.
• These are called pollinators
or pollinating agents.
• The stigma of the flower
(female) is sticky so that as
an insect crawls past it, the
pollen sticks to the stigma.
• A pollen tube forms and
grows from stigma to ovule

20. Double fertilization: alternation of generations
• Occurs where one
sperm fertilizes the egg
to form the seed
• The other sperm
fertilizes the endosperm
to form the fruit.
• Self- fertilization can
occur

23. Angiosperm life cycle

24. Angiosperms are divided into 2 groups:
1. monocots
2. dicots

25. Monocots
• Angiosperms whose
seeds have only one
cotyledon or seed leaf.
• Have vascular bundles
(xylem and phloem)
scattered throughout the
stem
• Leaf veins are parallel
• Floral parts are in 3’s or
multiples of 3.
Ex) grasses, wheat, corn,
water lilies, barley

26. Monocots

28. Dicots
• Angiosperms whose
seeds have two
cotyledons or seed
leaves.
• Have vascular bundles
arranged in a circle or
ring in the stem
• Leaf veins are branched
or netlike
• Floral parts are in 4’s or
5’s or multiples of 4 or 5.
Ex) oaks, cacti, maples

31. Moncots vs Dicots

32. Function of floral parts:
Name of floral part Function of the part
Stamen – male parts
Anther
Filament
Pollen
Pistil – female parts
Stigma
Ovary
Ovule
Style
Sepal
Petal

33. Function of floral parts ANSWERS:
Name of floral part Function of the part
Stamen – male parts
Anther Produces pollen (with sperm inside)
Filament Raises anther so pollen can be dispersed or picked up by an
insect
Pollen Vessel for dispersal of sperm
Pistil – female parts
Stigma Sticky to capture pollen
Ovary Becomes fruit to protect seed
Ovule Seeds
Style Protects pollen tube, raises stigma to catch pollen
Sepal Encloses flower bud, protection
Petal Attract pollinators