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Special features for flight,3 mammal reprod groups & endoskeleton vs exoskeleton
- 1. Class Aves Special features for flight Class Mammalia 3 different reproductive groups Endoskeletons vs. Exoskeletons
- 2. Class Aves - Earth’s first birds Archaeopteryx found in Germany Confuciusornis existed around the same time as Archaeopteryx and was discovered in North eastern China.
- 3. Special features for flight: • Hollow bones – strong but light. • Excretes uric acid (solid), not urine, so this decreases the amount of water & no bladder needed (keeps bird light). • Elongated wing-like hand. • Alveoli (air sacs) make the bird more buoyant and allow for more efficient gas exchange (oxygen & carbon dioxide).
- 4. • Common Pheasant • Peafowl – colourful displays to attract a mate • Snowy owl – silent fliers • Burrowing owl makes its home in the ground • Bald Eagle • Cooper’s hawk
- 5. • Mandarin duck • Wood duck • Mallards • Snow goose • Canada goose
- 6. Special features for flight continued: • Large muscles in the chest provide power to the wings for flight. • Ovaries and testes are reduced when it is not breeding season. • Feathers for flight.
- 7. But there are Flightless birds … Wait … What?
- 11. Chin Strap PenguinChin Strap Penguin Macaroni PenguinMacaroni Penguin
- 12. Class Mammalia • There are 3 reproductive groups of mammals: – Placental mammals – Marsupials – Monotremes
- 13. Placental mammals: ex) humans, whales, cats, horse… • Have a placenta = used for food, waste, and gas exchange. This allows the fetus to develop for a long time inside the mother. • After birth, care is provided – nursing (food), protection.
- 14. Class Mammalia – Placental mammals
- 15. WHALEWHALE
- 20. Marsupials: kangaroo, koala, opossum • Marsupials give birth to very immature young which crawl up into a pouch on the mother. • In the pouch they will attach to a nipple and feed until they are big enough to leave the pouch.
- 26. WOMBATWOMBAT
- 27. Monotremes: ex.) 1 species of duckbilled platypus, and 2 species of spiny anteaters (Echidnas) • Exception: the egg has a shell! • These mammals are egg layers (reptilian), & they incubate their eggs outside of their body. • When the young hatch, the mom is able to nurse them because she has mammary glands – therefore mammals!! Baby Echidna
- 28. Monotremes • Duck-billed Platypus • Echidna (or spiny anteater)
- 31. Endoskeleton vs. Exoskeleton ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON (internal skeleton) (external skeleton) Structure •Made of cartilage •Strong, rigid (breaks or shears) •Made of chitin •Molted as animal grows •Strong, flexible (give to it) Function •Gives shape & support •Protects internal organs •Attachment for muscles •Makes red & white blood cells in the bone marrow. •Gives shape & support •Protects internal organs •Attachment for muscles •Prevent the animal from drying out.
- 32. Advantages of an Endoskeleton: 1. Grows with the animal (not molted). 2. Energy is not required to grow an entire new skeleton (just add a little bit). 3. Allows the animal to have more flexibility of movement at joints & better use of muscles. 4. Allows animals to be faster & larger (an exoskeleton is heavy & cumbersome).
Editor's Notes
- A flightless bird (Ratite) there is only one species of Emu, which is the worlds 2nd largest bird behind the Ostrich Emus are very mobile quick runners (up to 50 kph), running with a bouncy, swaying motion. Emus are generally nomadic, with some emus roaming over hundreds of kilometers. They stand 1 .5 to 2 meters tall and weigh up to 45 kg Male and females Emus look similar, though the female is usually larger, and both have a lifespan up to 6 years Female Emus make a deep-throated drumming sound using air sacs in their throats whilst the male sound is generally more harsher and "throatier" The Emu feeds mainly on green herbage like grass, flowers, seeds etc, but they also eat insects (eg. Grasshoppers). Emus try to drink once to twice a day
- They make a donkey-like braying sound to communicate. AKA African penguins (live in colonies on the coast and islands of southern Africa)
- King penguin & Gentoo penguin
- Chin strap penguin Macaroni penguin