Phylum Tracheophyta includes vascular plants such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It contains plants that have true roots, stems, and leaves due to vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients. Within Tracheophyta there are four subphyla: Lycophyta containing club mosses, Sphenophyta containing horsetails, Psilophyta containing whisk ferns, and Pterophyta containing the largest group of ferns. Ferns reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through rhizomes, with the sporophyte generation being dominant.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
Lycophytes are believed to be the oldest living lineage of vascular plants. Lycophytes , also known as ‘ferns allies’, are a clade of vascular plants similar to ferns, but have unique leaves called microphylls. Lycophytes contain three orders; lycopodium (club mosses), selaginella (spike mosses) and isoetales (Quillworts)
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
Lycophytes are believed to be the oldest living lineage of vascular plants. Lycophytes , also known as ‘ferns allies’, are a clade of vascular plants similar to ferns, but have unique leaves called microphylls. Lycophytes contain three orders; lycopodium (club mosses), selaginella (spike mosses) and isoetales (Quillworts)
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
The first edition of this book ‘‘PLANT LIFE DIVERSITY’’ comprised of eleven Chapters which include the following: 1. The characteristics of soil environment, 2. The plant kingdom, 3. Thallophyta (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Lichens), 4. Phycophyta (Algae), 5. Mycophyta (Fungi), 6. Lichens, 7. Bryophyta, 8. Pteridophyta (Ferns), 9. Angiosperms and Gynmnosperms, 10. Forms and functional adaptation of plant to ecosystem and 11. Growth in plants. This book is meant for students of Pre-Degree, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. of Biological group such as Plant Sciences, Zoology, Plant Breeding and Bio-sciences.
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
4. Ferns
• Well developed vascular
system therefore, TRUE
roots, stems and leaves
• Dominant generation is
the sporophyte
• Gametophyte is small and
independent of
sporophyte
• Needs wet environment –
water so sperm can swim
to egg
5. Ferns continued:
• Reproduction:
– Sexual – spores dispersed by wind and water
– Asexual – rhizome
Fiddlehead = young sporophyte = uncurling frond
6.
7. The Pteridophytes (fern family) probably
evolved from an algae around the same time
as the bryophytes were evolving.
RHYNIARHYNIA:
400 million years ago
The 1st
vascular plant.
9. Subphylum Lycophyta - Club Moss
• Commonly called ground
pines
• Bushy, tree like branches
above, but unbranched at
the base
• Have deep growing root like
rhizomes
• Live in moist woods and
clearings
• Small leaves with single
unbranched vein
**DO NOT COPY**
10.
11.
12. Club Moss Spores
• Genus Lycopodium is
homosporous (makes one
type of spore)
• Contains chemicals that
explode and burn quickly
• Yellowish powdery spores
used in fireworks and
explosives.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAfT2Uktx4c
Lycopodium
Powder
Fireball:
**DO NOT COPY**
13. Other Uses for Club Moss
• Sometimes boiled in water to produce a
medicinal tea or an eye wash
• Ground pines, green all winter, are used in
Christmas decorations
• Ancestors of modern club misses helped form
coal during the carboniferous period
**DO NOT COPY**
14. Reproductive
structure
Subphylum Sphenophyta –
Horsetails
• Only one living species (Equisteum)
• Also called scouring rushes
• Hollow, jointed stems contained
silica and were once used to scrub
pots
• Photosynthetic aerial stem
• Underground rhizomes
• In prehistoric times, grew as tall as trees
**DO NOT COPY**
16. Uses for Horsetails
• Used to fight plant fungi
• Used in some mouthwashes to cure mouth
ulcers
• Used as diuretics to eliminate excess water
(weight loss products)
• Toxic to animals (sheep, cattle, horses)
**DO NOT COPY**
17. Subphylum Psilophyta –
Whisk Ferns• Look like a small, green, twiggy bush
• Have TRUE stems, but no leaves or roots
• Only two living genera
• Rhizomes to anchor (can’t absorb water)
• Reproduce asexually from rhizomes or sexually via
spores produced in Sporangia
**DO NOT COPY**
18. Subphylum Pterophyta - Ferns
• Largest group of
extant (living)
vascular plants
• Wide range of
habitats (terrestrial,
aquatic, arboreal tree
ferns, epiphytic)
• Can asexually
reproduce by
rhizomes
19. Subphylum Pterophyta - Ferns
• Dominant
Sporophyte stage has
true roots, stems and
leaves
• Roots and stems
underground
• Leaves called fronds
found above ground
and attached to a
stem like petiole
20.
21.
22. Pterophyta (Fern) Life Cycle
• Newly forming sporophyte fronds called
fiddleheads must uncurl
• Spore cases called sori are found on the
underside of the fronds
• Wind spreads spores that land on moist soil
and germinate into a prothallus
27. Ferns
• The prothallus starts the
gameophyte stage
• Gametophyte is heart
shaped and short lived
• Male antheridia and
female archegonia grow
on the gametophyte
• Sperm swims to egg to
fertilize
30. HOW DO WE USE FERNS?HOW DO WE USE FERNS?
Trim the base of your ferns, leaving only a tiny tail beyond the
circumference of each Fiddlehead. Rub off any remaining furry
brown covering. Rinse under running water. Drop ferns into a
large pot of boiling salted water. Boil for about 5 minutes or
until tender. If undercooked, you will miss the full, rich flavor.
Drain well and serve piping hot with melted butter.
31. Uses for Ferns
• Help prevent erosion
• Fiddleheads are eaten as food
• Ornamental plants for yards and homes
• Helped form coal deposits millions or years
ago
34. ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FERNSECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FERNS
• Pioneer species: first to establish themselves in areas
with poor soil (little nutrients)
• Once the ferns are established, they improve living
conditions for other species
1. Put nutrients back into the soil
2. Help prevent erosion
Ultimately, they set the stage for their own demise, as other plants andUltimately, they set the stage for their own demise, as other plants and
trees will come in a take over.trees will come in a take over.
35. Questions: Moss vs Ferns
Please answer the following questions and include in
your notes:
1.Look at the life cycle of moss and ferns.
a) Compare the spore-containing structures of both plants.
b) Which stage is dominant in mosses? Ferns?
c) Compare the events that occur just after the spores are
released in mosses and ferns.
d) Compare the way in which the sperm and egg join in
mosses and ferns.
e) Compare the gametophyte and sporophyte of mosses
and ferns.
2.Why are spores important for life on land?
36. Answers: Moss vs Ferns
a) Ferns have a cluster of sporangia whereas moss have single
sporangium.
b) Dominant stage in moss is the gametophyte whereas it is the
sporophyte in ferns.
c) Spores are dispersed by wind or water and germinate into a
gametophyte.
d) Moss and ferns need to utilize water so sperm can swim to
join egg.
e) In moss, the gametophyte is dominant (not the sporophyte)
and in ferns the sporophyte is dominant (not the
gametophyte).
2. Spores are important for life on land because they allow for
dispersal of plants, protect baby plants from drying out until
conditions are good for it to grow.
Editor's Notes
Gametophyte – 1 cell thick, non-vascular and heart shaped
Rhizome is an underground stem (vascular).
Asexual repro - fiddlehead
In ferns, the sporophyte was the dominant life form.
Vegetative form: looks like a horsetail
The one on the right is extinct.
Fern
Tree fern
Floating ferns
Fiddlehead (sporophyte) contains spores. Grows into fern frond with sporangia.
Haploid gametophytes grow from spores (male and female ones)
Sporophyte grows out of gametophyte and turns into a fiddle head
Prothallus means before twig and is the gametophyte stage
Because Fiddlehead ferns are delicious, with a remarkable wild flavor . The flavor? It has been described as similar to green beans with a hint of artichoke. But descriptions do not begin to capture the flavor. You must try them to know the wonderful flavor and delightful crunch of Fiddleheads.
Ferns should be picked early in the morning when they are still very young and fresh. The "crosier" should be tightly curled, and should snap off crisply. They must be washed carefully and rubbed to remove the paper-y brown skin on the outside. Avoid yellow or "floppy" ferns. Trim the base leaving a tiny tail.
Exercise caution if you decide to harvest Fiddleheads yourself. There are many varieties of ferns, and only the Ostrich Fern is recommended for consumption.
The flavor of fiddleheads goes well with cheeses, tomato sauce and oriental cuisine. Excellent with Hollandaise sauce.
Fiddleheads are excellent marinated in vinegar and oil or as a crunchy pickle. Fiddleheads can be used in similar ways to any firm green vegetable such as Asparagus or Broccoli florets.
Do not overcook.
Fiddlehead ferns are a good source of vitamins A and C. Fiddleheads should not be served raw as they have a slight bitterness until cooked and may cause stomach upset if eaten raw in quantity. Health Canada advises that fresh fiddleheads must be properly cooked before being consumed.
