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Vascular Plants
Roots, Shoots & Leaves
Vascular Plants
● Divided into three major groups:
– Seedless vascular plants: Ferns, Club moss,
horsetails etc.
– Seed vascular plants:
● Gymnosperms: Conifers, Ginko, Cycads
● Angiosperms: Flowering plants
Vascular Plants
● Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)to
transport water and nutrients around plant
● Sporophyte generation dominant
● Well adapted to life in terrestrial environment
● True roots, stems and leaves
Meristem
● Perpetually embryonic tissue
● Unspecialized cells – divide & specialize to generate
plant growth
● Apical Meristem:
– Tips of roots and shoots
– Grow in length (PRIMARY GROWTH)
– Found in both woody and herbaceous plants
● Lateral Meristem (Cambium):
– Cylinder of dividing cells found along length of roots and
stems
– Growth in width (SECONDARY GROWTH)
– Replace epidermis with thick tough layer, combined with
secondary xylem to form wood
Vascular Tissue
● Arranged in bundles in
stems, roots and leaf
veins
● Phloem:
– Conducts the products of
photosynthesis from the
leaves to the rest of the
plant
– Living cells arranged in
sieve tubes with sieve
plates to deliver materials
and communicate with
neighbouring cells
Vascular Tissue
● Xylem:
– Conducts water up from the roots
to the leaves
– Cells are dead at maturity and are
highly permeable to water
– Tubes called tracheids or vessels
– Water moves by
evapotranspiration
– Secondary xylem
thickens/hardens to form wood
Roots
● Functions:
– Attachment & support
– Absorption of water and nutrients from the soil
– Storage
● Types:
Fibrous
Tap root
Roots
Leaves
● Primary site of photosynthesis
● Potential for loss of water due to large surface
area and high rate of gas exchange
● Specializations:
– Stomata
– Guard Cells
– Epidermis
– Parenchyma
Stomata/ stoma
● Regulates gas and
water exchange
Guard cells
● Regulates the opening
and closing of the
stomata
● The epidermis forms the
waxy cuticle which
prevents water loss
● Parenchyma – tissue
that heals wounds,
regenerates plant parts,
photosynthesis, food and
water storage
Roots, shoots, leaves

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Roots, shoots, leaves

  • 2. Vascular Plants ● Divided into three major groups: – Seedless vascular plants: Ferns, Club moss, horsetails etc. – Seed vascular plants: ● Gymnosperms: Conifers, Ginko, Cycads ● Angiosperms: Flowering plants
  • 3. Vascular Plants ● Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)to transport water and nutrients around plant ● Sporophyte generation dominant ● Well adapted to life in terrestrial environment ● True roots, stems and leaves
  • 4. Meristem ● Perpetually embryonic tissue ● Unspecialized cells – divide & specialize to generate plant growth ● Apical Meristem: – Tips of roots and shoots – Grow in length (PRIMARY GROWTH) – Found in both woody and herbaceous plants ● Lateral Meristem (Cambium): – Cylinder of dividing cells found along length of roots and stems – Growth in width (SECONDARY GROWTH) – Replace epidermis with thick tough layer, combined with secondary xylem to form wood
  • 5.
  • 6. Vascular Tissue ● Arranged in bundles in stems, roots and leaf veins ● Phloem: – Conducts the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant – Living cells arranged in sieve tubes with sieve plates to deliver materials and communicate with neighbouring cells
  • 7. Vascular Tissue ● Xylem: – Conducts water up from the roots to the leaves – Cells are dead at maturity and are highly permeable to water – Tubes called tracheids or vessels – Water moves by evapotranspiration – Secondary xylem thickens/hardens to form wood
  • 8. Roots ● Functions: – Attachment & support – Absorption of water and nutrients from the soil – Storage ● Types: Fibrous Tap root
  • 10. Leaves ● Primary site of photosynthesis ● Potential for loss of water due to large surface area and high rate of gas exchange ● Specializations: – Stomata – Guard Cells – Epidermis – Parenchyma
  • 11. Stomata/ stoma ● Regulates gas and water exchange Guard cells ● Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata
  • 12. ● The epidermis forms the waxy cuticle which prevents water loss ● Parenchyma – tissue that heals wounds, regenerates plant parts, photosynthesis, food and water storage