The Eubacteria
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Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that can exist in spiral, rod, or spherical shapes. They reproduce asexually, produce important substances like antibiotics and vitamins, and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, or absorbing organic materials from living and dead organisms. Eubacteria are used to produce foods like yogurt, wine and cheese, and commonly inhabit hot environments near volcanic activity.
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Kingdom archaebacteria
Archaea are the oldest organisms on Earth. They are unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles and belong to the kingdom Archaea. Archaea were first discovered in 1977 and can survive in extreme environments like volcanic vents or boiling mud. They differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in their cell structure and genes. The Archaea kingdom contains three main types: methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.
Kingdom Protista
Here are the questions with highlights:
1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans and what disease do they cause?
Five kingdom Classification
This document outlines the five kingdom classification system introduced by Robert Whittaker in 1967. The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and their nutritional mode of photosynthesis, absorption, or ingestion. Margulis and Schwartz later modified this system in 1988 to consider genetics in addition to cellular organization and nutrition.
Kingdom eubacteria
The document discusses bacteria, including their characteristics, shapes, and roles in causing common human diseases and providing benefits. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria - cocci, bacilli, and spirilla - and examples like streptococci and staphylococci. Major diseases caused by bacteria mentioned include acne from Propionibacterium acnes, tuberculosis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leptospirosis from Leptospira interrogans, and anthrax from Bacillus anthracis. The document also notes benefits of some bacteria, like Streptomycin used as an antibiotic and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in producing yogurt.
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria are the most commonly found organisms in the world. They are also known as true bacteria, and are present on almost all surfaces. They are prokaryotic cells, and hence do not have a nucleus. The eubacteria kingdom is one of the six kingdoms in which the entire living world is classified.
Bacteria Presentation
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled organisms that come in three shapes and have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm but no nucleus. There are two kingdoms of bacteria: Archaebacteria, which live in extreme environments, and Eubacteria, which live everywhere else, including in and on humans. Bacteria can reproduce asexually through binary fission or sexually through conjugation. They need to obtain food, survive harsh conditions, and have various roles in the living world such as decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and uses in health and medicine.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Recommended
Kingdom archaebacteria
Archaea are the oldest organisms on Earth. They are unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles and belong to the kingdom Archaea. Archaea were first discovered in 1977 and can survive in extreme environments like volcanic vents or boiling mud. They differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in their cell structure and genes. The Archaea kingdom contains three main types: methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.
Kingdom Protista
Here are the questions with highlights:
1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans and what disease do they cause?
Five kingdom Classification
This document outlines the five kingdom classification system introduced by Robert Whittaker in 1967. The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and their nutritional mode of photosynthesis, absorption, or ingestion. Margulis and Schwartz later modified this system in 1988 to consider genetics in addition to cellular organization and nutrition.
Kingdom eubacteria
The document discusses bacteria, including their characteristics, shapes, and roles in causing common human diseases and providing benefits. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria - cocci, bacilli, and spirilla - and examples like streptococci and staphylococci. Major diseases caused by bacteria mentioned include acne from Propionibacterium acnes, tuberculosis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leptospirosis from Leptospira interrogans, and anthrax from Bacillus anthracis. The document also notes benefits of some bacteria, like Streptomycin used as an antibiotic and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in producing yogurt.
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria are the most commonly found organisms in the world. They are also known as true bacteria, and are present on almost all surfaces. They are prokaryotic cells, and hence do not have a nucleus. The eubacteria kingdom is one of the six kingdoms in which the entire living world is classified.
Bacteria Presentation
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled organisms that come in three shapes and have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm but no nucleus. There are two kingdoms of bacteria: Archaebacteria, which live in extreme environments, and Eubacteria, which live everywhere else, including in and on humans. Bacteria can reproduce asexually through binary fission or sexually through conjugation. They need to obtain food, survive harsh conditions, and have various roles in the living world such as decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and uses in health and medicine.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Class 11 chapter 2
This document summarizes the key points of the five kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. It provides details on the characteristics of each kingdom, including examples of organisms that fall under each kingdom. The kingdoms are differentiated based on factors like cell structure, nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. Viruses and lichens are also briefly discussed.
Eubacteria
Bacteria are the simplest and smallest prokaryotic microorganisms. They are ubiquitous, existing everywhere from atmospheric heights of 6km to ocean depths of 5km. Bacteria exhibit a wide range of shapes and many are motile with flagella or pili. They reproduce asexually through binary fission and lack true sexual reproduction. Bacteria play important economic roles through causing diseases, food spoilage, increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, and use in biotechnology and pollution control.
2.2 prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells like E. coli have a simple structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing naked DNA. Each of these structures serves important functions - the cell wall provides structure, the plasma membrane controls substance transfer, pili allow adhesion, flagella provide locomotion, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the nucleoid stores genetic information. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
This document discusses different types of organisms. It describes unicellular organisms as having one cell and multi-cellular organisms as having two or more cells. It also defines prokaryotes as cellular organisms without a nuclear membrane, listing examples as E. Coli, anthrax, and blue-green algae. Eukaryotes are defined as cellular organisms that have a nuclear membrane.
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
Eubacteria
The documents discuss the Kingdom Eubacteria, which contains unicellular prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission. Eubacteria are classified by their gram staining and include four major phyla: Cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic; Spirochetes, which have a spiral shape and can cause diseases; and Gram-positive bacteria, which differ from Gram-negative bacteria in their cell wall composition and antibiotic susceptibility. The documents explore the structural features and functions of Eubacteria as well as methods for identifying and classifying them.
Algae
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Kingdom protista
The document summarizes the three major kingdoms of protista - protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoa are animal-like single-celled eukaryotes that can move and are heterotrophs. Examples include amoebas, zooflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans, and apicomplexans. Algae are plant-like protists that can photosynthesize and include euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, and green algae. Fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds.
Kingdom protista
The kingdom Protista includes a diverse range of single-celled and simple multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms. While they differ greatly from one another, protists share characteristics of being eukaryotic with nuclei but less complex than other eukaryotes. Protists reproduce through both asexual and sexual means. They obtain food through photosynthesis, consuming other organisms or organic matter, or using multiple methods. Major groups of protists include algae, protozoa like amoebas and ciliates, slime molds, and diatoms.
Fungi
Microorganism : Fungi, Classification, structure , general characteristics and morphology related to food
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
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Algal structure, habit, habitat, size,
reproduction of algae, sexual and asexual methods, cellularity
Kingdom of fungi by Bnp
This document discusses fungi, including their key features, structures, characteristics and classification. Some of the main points covered include:
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or filamentous, and include mushrooms, molds and yeasts. They have cell walls containing chitin.
- Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation. They lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter.
- Fungi are classified based on their mode of nutrition (saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic) and spore formation (zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
Fungus like protists
Slime molds spend most of their life cycle as single-celled amoebas but aggregate together to form a multicellular mass called a plasmodium when nutrients are scarce. The plasmodium is able to migrate in search of food and later forms spore-bearing fruiting bodies for reproduction. Some slime molds like Physarum remain separate within the plasmodium while others like Dictyostelium fuse their membranes and cytoplasm to form a single coenocytic cell.
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In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Fungi presentation
fungi presentation will facilitates you to comprehend about classification of fungi,its life cycle,and its uses
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly multicellular and heterotrophic. They range from unicellular yeasts to complex multicellular mushrooms. Fungi have hyphae that can aggregate into structures like mycelium, sclerotia, and fruiting bodies. They reproduce both sexually through spores formed by meiosis and asexually through spores formed by mitosis. The five major phyla of fungi are Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and through symbiotic relationships like mycorrhiz
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This document compares and contrasts eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Archaebacteria are also unicellular prokaryotes but they do not have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus. They reproduce sexually in most cases. Chemotaxonomy uses biochemical similarities and differences to characterize and classify bacteria, providing important information for identification that complements phylogenetic analysis. Key chemotaxonomic markers include cell wall composition, lipids, proteins, and other complex molecules.
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
Chapter 19 lecture- Viruses & Bacteria
The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes that prokaryotes like bacteria are classified into eubacteria and archaebacteria based on cell wall composition. Viruses require a living host cell to reproduce and can cause lytic or lysogenic infections. Bacteria and viruses can cause diseases in humans and plants through various mechanisms.
The Six Kingdoms
- There are currently six kingdoms of classification: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. These kingdoms are based on characteristics like cell structure, ability to produce food, and number of cells.
- The kingdoms were expanded from two to six due to microscope discoveries of new microorganisms and identification of differences in cell structures.
- Each kingdom has distinct characteristics. For example, plants are multicellular, make their own food, and were the second largest kingdom with over 250,000 species. Archaebacteria were discovered in extreme environments like deep sea vents.
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Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Class 11 chapter 2
This document summarizes the key points of the five kingdom classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. It provides details on the characteristics of each kingdom, including examples of organisms that fall under each kingdom. The kingdoms are differentiated based on factors like cell structure, nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. Viruses and lichens are also briefly discussed.
Eubacteria
Bacteria are the simplest and smallest prokaryotic microorganisms. They are ubiquitous, existing everywhere from atmospheric heights of 6km to ocean depths of 5km. Bacteria exhibit a wide range of shapes and many are motile with flagella or pili. They reproduce asexually through binary fission and lack true sexual reproduction. Bacteria play important economic roles through causing diseases, food spoilage, increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, and use in biotechnology and pollution control.
2.2 prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells like E. coli have a simple structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing naked DNA. Each of these structures serves important functions - the cell wall provides structure, the plasma membrane controls substance transfer, pili allow adhesion, flagella provide locomotion, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the nucleoid stores genetic information. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
This document discusses different types of organisms. It describes unicellular organisms as having one cell and multi-cellular organisms as having two or more cells. It also defines prokaryotes as cellular organisms without a nuclear membrane, listing examples as E. Coli, anthrax, and blue-green algae. Eukaryotes are defined as cellular organisms that have a nuclear membrane.
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
Eubacteria
The documents discuss the Kingdom Eubacteria, which contains unicellular prokaryotes that reproduce by binary fission. Eubacteria are classified by their gram staining and include four major phyla: Cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic; Spirochetes, which have a spiral shape and can cause diseases; and Gram-positive bacteria, which differ from Gram-negative bacteria in their cell wall composition and antibiotic susceptibility. The documents explore the structural features and functions of Eubacteria as well as methods for identifying and classifying them.
Algae
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
Kingdom protista
The document summarizes the three major kingdoms of protista - protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoa are animal-like single-celled eukaryotes that can move and are heterotrophs. Examples include amoebas, zooflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans, and apicomplexans. Algae are plant-like protists that can photosynthesize and include euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, and green algae. Fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds.
Kingdom protista
The kingdom Protista includes a diverse range of single-celled and simple multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms. While they differ greatly from one another, protists share characteristics of being eukaryotic with nuclei but less complex than other eukaryotes. Protists reproduce through both asexual and sexual means. They obtain food through photosynthesis, consuming other organisms or organic matter, or using multiple methods. Major groups of protists include algae, protozoa like amoebas and ciliates, slime molds, and diatoms.
Fungi
Microorganism : Fungi, Classification, structure , general characteristics and morphology related to food
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
Structure of algae.pptx
Algal structure, habit, habitat, size,
reproduction of algae, sexual and asexual methods, cellularity
Kingdom of fungi by Bnp
This document discusses fungi, including their key features, structures, characteristics and classification. Some of the main points covered include:
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or filamentous, and include mushrooms, molds and yeasts. They have cell walls containing chitin.
- Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores or asexually through budding or fragmentation. They lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter.
- Fungi are classified based on their mode of nutrition (saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic) and spore formation (zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
Fungus like protists
Slime molds spend most of their life cycle as single-celled amoebas but aggregate together to form a multicellular mass called a plasmodium when nutrients are scarce. The plasmodium is able to migrate in search of food and later forms spore-bearing fruiting bodies for reproduction. Some slime molds like Physarum remain separate within the plasmodium while others like Dictyostelium fuse their membranes and cytoplasm to form a single coenocytic cell.
Reproduction in bacteria
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Fungi presentation
fungi presentation will facilitates you to comprehend about classification of fungi,its life cycle,and its uses
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly multicellular and heterotrophic. They range from unicellular yeasts to complex multicellular mushrooms. Fungi have hyphae that can aggregate into structures like mycelium, sclerotia, and fruiting bodies. They reproduce both sexually through spores formed by meiosis and asexually through spores formed by mitosis. The five major phyla of fungi are Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and through symbiotic relationships like mycorrhiz
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES.pptx
This document compares and contrasts eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Archaebacteria are also unicellular prokaryotes but they do not have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus. They reproduce sexually in most cases. Chemotaxonomy uses biochemical similarities and differences to characterize and classify bacteria, providing important information for identification that complements phylogenetic analysis. Key chemotaxonomic markers include cell wall composition, lipids, proteins, and other complex molecules.
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES.pptx
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES.pptx
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Chapter 19 lecture- Viruses & Bacteria
The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes that prokaryotes like bacteria are classified into eubacteria and archaebacteria based on cell wall composition. Viruses require a living host cell to reproduce and can cause lytic or lysogenic infections. Bacteria and viruses can cause diseases in humans and plants through various mechanisms.
The Six Kingdoms
- There are currently six kingdoms of classification: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. These kingdoms are based on characteristics like cell structure, ability to produce food, and number of cells.
- The kingdoms were expanded from two to six due to microscope discoveries of new microorganisms and identification of differences in cell structures.
- Each kingdom has distinct characteristics. For example, plants are multicellular, make their own food, and were the second largest kingdom with over 250,000 species. Archaebacteria were discovered in extreme environments like deep sea vents.
kingdoms of life
The document describes the six kingdoms of life: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Organisms are classified based on three factors - cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), cell number (unicellular or multicellular), and feeding type (autotroph or heterotroph). Each kingdom is then described in 1-2 sentences highlighting their key characteristics.
Kingdom protista[1]
Protists are a diverse kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. They include both single-celled and multicellular organisms, many of which are aquatic. Protists can be categorized as animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like depending on their characteristics and behaviors. Animal-like protists include those that use pseudopods, cilia, or flagella to move and feed, as well as non-motile sporozoans that are often parasitic. Plant-like protists include unicellular algae that perform photosynthesis and release oxygen into the environment, providing an important food source. Fungus-like protists absorb nutrients
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms on Earth, found in extreme environments like volcanic vents and classified into five phyla; they are unicellular prokaryotes that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in their genes being more similar to eukaryotes, and include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens that inhabit hot, salty, or anaerobic conditions.
Kingdom Protista
This document provides an overview of protists, which are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. It describes three main categories of protists: protozoans, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoans are animal-like protists that are unicellular and heterotrophic. Algae include diverse unicellular and multicellular organisms that are primarily autotrophic. Fungus-like protists have characteristics of both fungi and animals/plants, being heterotrophic yet having cell walls. The document outlines examples like amoebas, paramecium, euglena and various types of algae to illustrate the different groups of protists.
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Gr 11 virusses,_bacteria,_protists_and_fungi_eng_only[1]
This document discusses different types of microbes including viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. It provides descriptions of their characteristics and structures. Viruses are described as obligate intracellular parasites that can only replicate within host cells. They are not considered living due to their inability to carry out certain functions. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can reproduce through binary fission. Protists exhibit a wide diversity and include protozoa and algae. Fungi consist of multicellular mushrooms and molds as well as unicellular yeast. Many microbes are pathogens that can cause infectious diseases in humans and animals.
Microorganisms
This document provides information about microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It discusses the key characteristics of bacteria such as being unicellular and prokaryotic. The document describes the structures of bacterial cells and how they reproduce through binary fission. Both harmful and helpful roles of bacteria are outlined. Fungi are described as eukaryotic and non-photosynthetic. The structures and modes of reproduction for fungi are also summarized. Finally, viruses are defined as obligate intracellular parasites lacking the characteristics of life that can cause diseases in humans like AIDS and chicken pox.
Bacteria science#6(showas5)
Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that can cause disease and infection. They have simple cellular structures, lacking internal membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and come in two forms - aerobes that require oxygen and anaerobes that do not. While some bacteria are harmful pathogens, many others play important roles in environments and our bodies, such as aiding digestion.
Microbes And Its Application
Microbes have many beneficial applications in various industries. They are used to produce foods like yogurt and cheeses through fermentation. In medicine, microbes produce antibiotics and are used in vaccines. Biotechnology uses microbes to produce insulin and enzymes. Agriculture uses bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis to naturally produce pesticides in genetically engineered crops. The document also discusses how algae, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses each have distinct characteristics and how they are classified. Environmental applications include using bioreporter microbes that glow in the presence of pollutants to detect contamination.
Protist and bacteria presentation
Bacteria and protists are single-celled organisms. Bacteria come in different shapes - rod, spiral or sphere. They reproduce through binary fission. Protists are more complex than bacteria with organelles. They include algae, protozoans and other organisms. Protists obtain food through photosynthesis, consuming other organisms, or parasitism. They maintain water balance through osmosis and contractile vacuoles. Protists sense and react to their environment through structures like eyespots.
Bacteria Presentation
Bacteria are prokaryotic single-celled organisms that come in three shapes and have basic cell structures like a cell wall and membrane. They reproduce through asexual binary fission or sexual conjunction. Bacteria fill important roles in the environment as decomposers and in nitrogen fixation, and they are crucial to food production and human health.
Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic prokaryotes that have diverse shapes and structures. They are classified into domains and kingdoms. Bacteria can be beneficial, for example by decomposing waste, producing antibiotics, or aiding digestion. However, some pathogenic bacteria cause diseases. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and exchange genetic material through conjugation and transformation, which can allow them to become antibiotic resistant.
Nutrition in bacteria
This document summarizes different types of bacterial nutrition. It discusses that bacteria require suitable nutrients for growth and reproduction, including a carbon source, nitrogen source, and trace elements. Bacteria are classified as either autotrophic or heterotrophic based on their nutrition. Autotrophic bacteria can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic sources, either through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Heterotrophic bacteria rely on organic carbon sources. Saprophytic bacteria break down dead organic material through fermentation and putrefaction. Parasitic bacteria obtain nutrients from living hosts. Respiration allows bacteria to obtain energy by oxidizing food materials.
Bacteria
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are composed of single-celled prokaryotes. Archaebacteria are typically obligate anaerobes that live in extreme environments, while Eubacteria are more diverse and include bacteria that can live with or without oxygen. Both Archaebacteria and Eubacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, but some bacteria can also undergo genetic exchange through conjugation, transduction, or transformation.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that come in a variety of shapes and live in many environments. They were first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and named by Ehrenberg in 1828. Bacteria are prokaryotic, lacking organelles like nuclei, and reproduce through binary fission. There are four main types - rod-shaped bacilli like E. coli, spherical cocci like streptococci, spiral-shaped spirilla, and comma-shaped vibrios like V. cholerae. Bacteria can be helpful by increasing soil fertility, aiding digestion, and creating antibiotics, but can also be harmful as pathogens causing diseases or by contaminating food.
THE ARCHAEA
This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
3.4 Microorganisms 8.pptx
Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are classified into five groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protists. Microorganisms are found everywhere and play important roles in environments, as well as in food production and medicine. However, some microorganisms can also cause diseases and food spoilage. There are several methods used to preserve food from microbial spoilage, including drying, cold storage, fermentation, smoking, and salting.
Bacteria
This document provides information about bacteria, including that there are three kingdoms of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, and Cyanobacteria. It discusses the characteristics of bacteria such as their cell structure, ability to be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and ability to reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. The document also outlines some examples of useful bacteria that produce antibiotics, vitamins, or aid in food production, as well as harmful bacteria that can cause disease.
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I unit part 1
This document provides information about biology and the classification of living organisms. It discusses the following key points:
- Biology is the science of living organisms and life processes. Modern biology integrates with other fields like chemistry and physics.
- Characteristics of living things include growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and evolution.
- Organisms are classified and grouped into a hierarchy of taxa including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
- The five kingdom system classifies organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and lifestyle. Examples of groups within each
Bacteria
This document provides information about bacteria, protists, and fungi. It describes the key properties and life activities of bacteria, including how they obtain energy, reproduce through binary fission, and can be either helpful or harmful. It also outlines the defining features of protists, including different types of algae and protozoans. The document explains how protists obtain and digest food, maintain water balance through osmosis and contractile vacuoles, and reproduce. Fungi are also mentioned but not described.
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity refers to the variety of living things on Earth. Species evolve over time, with some going extinct and new species emerging.
- Scientists classify living things into five kingdoms based on their cells, number of cells, and how they obtain nutrition. The kingdoms are Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- The Monera kingdom contains unicellular prokaryotic organisms like bacteria. The Protoctista kingdom includes unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes like algae and protozoa that lack tissues. Fungi are eukaryotic and may be unicellular or multicellular, feeding as heterotroph
Eubacteria and archeabacteria continued
This document provides information about archaebacteria and eubacteria, the two main groups that make up the kingdom Monera. Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments like hot springs and salty water. They are divided into methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles. Eubacteria are more diverse and can live in less harsh conditions. They are classified based on their cell structure, including their cell wall, shape, nutrition, and respiration. Gram staining identifies bacteria as either gram positive or gram negative based on their cell wall thickness, which is important for identification and treatment of infections.
the evolution health promotion and promotion program
This document discusses the evolution of microbiology and different types of microorganisms. It covers topics such as the definition of microbiology, different microorganism categories including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. It also discusses the distribution of microorganisms in nature, their importance, classification systems, distinguishing features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The document traces the history of microbiology starting from early observations by Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek to contributions by Pasteur and Koch in establishing germ theory and methods to study microbes.
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The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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The Eubacteria
- 2. • Eubacteria is also called “TRUE BACTERIA” • It is prokaryotic, which means doesn’t have nucleus • They are unicellular which means single-cell • They produce antibiotics, nitrogen, and SOME vitamins (like vitamin B12) • They don’t have mitosis, they reproduce by asexual reproduction
- 3. • Eubacteria are heterotrophic, they absorb organic materials down in both living and dead organisms • They are autotrophic, they can make their own food by photosynthesis • And also chemotrophic, they produce their own food by breaking down inorganic matter
- 4. • We also use Eubacteria to produce yogart, wine, and cheese • They are mostly found in hot places, like near a volcanic activity
- 5. There are three shapes of Eubacteria: • Spirilla- spiral shaped • Bacilli- rod shaped • Cocci- spherical Spirilla Bacilli Cocci