International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies (Vol 2 Issue 2)

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 Electrical and Electromagnetic Telecommunication Technologies
 Wavelength-division multiplexing
 Wired communication
 Fiber optics
 Digital revolution
 Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling
 Telecommunications environment
 Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications
 Media management
 Telematics and Telemetry
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University Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies. This
journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted
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International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies focuses on original high-quality
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signaling, Telecommunications environment, Regulatory and privatization issues in telecommunications,
Mediamanagement,TelematicsandTelemetry.
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Telecommunications&EmergingTechnologies.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Congestion Control in WDM Networks
Himanshu Monga 1
2. Implementation of OFDM Using MATLAB and VHDL
Nidhi, R.S. Singh, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal 6
3. Quantum Cryptanalysis Using Digital Ant in Pervasive Environment
S. Sinha, T. Thomas, V.K. Panchal, D. Santha Devi 17
4. Cryptography in Wireless Sensor Networks for Security
Himanshu Monga 22
5. A Survey on Secure Authentication Scheme for VANETs
Dinesh Tiwari, Mayank Bhushan, Ankit Yadav, Aatif jamshed 28
Contents

IJTET (2016) 1-5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Telecommunications & Emerging Technologies
eISSN: 2455-0345
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Congestion Control in WDM Networks
Himanshu Monga*
Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Because of enormous transmission of information through optical strands, congestion
happened routinely and it turned into a major bottleneck to the stream of information in any
procedure. Numerous techniques are there to keep away from congestion however those
systems for the most part include colossal expense connected with quality certification. These
systems are relevant to the zone which is rich in base and assets, however these procedures
are extremely hard to execute and satisfactory in territories where assets are less (for
instance: poor nations). In this paper we concentrated on building up a superior answer for
this issue as to understand blockage issues and to deduct the expense in term of usage by
diminishing the gadgets utilized as a part of system setups. We proposed a survivability vital
calculation with congestion control in WDM optical system which enhanced blockage hit
arrange and will furnish us with great cost cutting as it can be actualized to creating nations
because of low costing element.
Keywords: congestion control, dynamic routing static routing, wavelength division
multiplexing
INTRODUCTION
Communication networks influence more
people every day, given that new resources
of information exchange. Accordingly,
traffic demand is rising rapidly
(exponentially), mainly due to data-centric
applications, as reported by many service
providers. Optical fiber has been used as
physical medium by many networking
technologies, such as SONET, ATM, due
to its high bandwidth and low signal
degradation.[1]
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) is a significant
method to exploit the huge bandwidth of
the optical fiber.[2–4]
There has been a wide
placement of WDM transmission
knowledge in today’s optical networks.
WDM is widely used technology in
developed countries and is based on the
transmission of several light beams of
different wavelength simultaneously
through an optical fiber (Figure 1).
A wavelength typically operates in
hundreds of Mbps or even Gbps needs to
be utilized better if the connection request
is less than 100 Mbps bandwidth,
otherwise there is a tremendous wastage of
bandwidth in a fiber for data
transmission.[5–9]
Though the fiber
bandwidth has been improved due to the
advancements in fiber-optic technologies
and the increase in number of wavelengths
in a fiber, there has not been much
research in the area of fault tolerance,
routing and wavelength assignment. Due
to huge transmission of data through
optical fibers, congestion occurred
regularly and it became big bottleneck to
flow of data in process. The commonly
used survivability strategy in the optical

eISSN: 2455-0345
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Implementation of OFDM Using MATLAB and VHDL
Nidhi*, R.S. Singh, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal
Department of Electronics and Communication, I M S Engineering College Ghaziabad, UP, India
ABSTRACT
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) could be a digital
transmission technique developed to fulfil the growing demand for higher information rates
transmission of voice and video signals, which might be utilized in each wired and wireless
environments. During a basic communication system, the information is modulated onto one
carrier frequency. The obtainable information measure is then completely occupied by every
symbol. This sort of system will result in inter-symbol-interference (ISI) just in case of
frequency selective channel. The fundamental plan of OFDM is to divide the obtainable
spectrum into many orthogonal subchannels so every narrowband subchannel experiences
virtually flat attenuation, so the OFDM is turning into the chosen modulation technique for
wireless communications. The OFDM will offer massive information rates with adequate
strength to radio channel impairments. The digital modulation schemes such quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) was selected to designed OFDM system. In this paper, we have
calculated the Bit Error Rate (BER) for measure the performance of this technique, used
various values of signal to noise ratio (SNR) using MATLA and VHDL.
Keywords: fast Fourier transform, intersymbol interference, orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing, QAM
INTRODUCTION
OFDM may be a special type of
multicarrier modulation that is especially
fitted to transmission over a dispersive
channel. Here the various carriers area unit
orthogonal to every different, that is, they
are completely freelance of 1 another. The
OFDM may be a band modulation scheme
that's designed to deal with the issues of
the multipath reception. Primarily,
the band frequency selective attenuation
channel is split into several narrow-band
sub channels.[1]
If the amount of sub
channels is high enough, every subchannel
might be thought-about as flat. This can
be as a result of we have a tendency
to transmit several narrowband overlappin
g digital signals in parallel within one wide
band. Increasing the amount of parallel
transmission channels reduces the
information rate that every individual
carrier should convey, which lengthens
the image amount. OFDM is strong in
adverse channel conditions and permits a
high level of spectral potency. It
effectively mitigates performance
degradations thanks to multipath and is
capable of combating deep fades partly of
the spectrum. The OFDM wave will
be simply changed to regulate to the
delay spread of the channel.
OFDM will handle giant delay spreads
easier due to the independence of the
carriers and also the flexibility
of variable the cyclic prefix length.
OFDM permits economical operation
in each frequency division duplex (FDD)
and time division duplex (TDD) mode as
terribly short or no pre-ambles area unit
required. OFDM may be a combination of

eISSN: 2455-0345
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Quantum Cryptanalysis Using Digital Ant in Pervasive
Environment
S. Sinha1*
, T. Thomas2
, V.K. Panchal3
, D. Santha Devi4
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NSIT Delhi University, New Delhi, India
2
University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
3
DRDO, CiRG, New Delhi, India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KIIT Group of Institutions, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Nowadays security is providing essential provision to prevent unauthorized or illegal access.
It has become an essential part of every framework in electronic age. In the present scenario
as the world data in increasing exponentially with time interval, there is an increased threat
of malicious data. Hence, security becomes the vital component to make this growing
electronic usage leads to a sustainable development in society. Swarm intelligence is an
upcoming field; through its stochastic behavior it has the capabilities to solve a greater
range of optimization problem. Using the property of Meta heuristic techniques of finding the
most optimized solution authors attempted to use them for security purposes. Paper discusses
about an agent based meta-heuristic approach to infrastructure cyber defense mechanism
where a team of human and software ants mitigate security threat posed in a pervasive
environment. The Digital AntsTM
system architecture will wander through entire network in
identifying the invaders i.e. viruses, Trojan horses etc. Also, the quantum theory is used to
generate the polynomial data analogous to pheromone in Ant Colony Optimization.
Keywords: agents, DigitalAntsTM
, digital pheromone, quantum theory, pervasive
environment
INTRODUCTION
In this information age many of us has the
valuable belongings such as finance,
medical histories, digitalized cards, etc. are
kept safe behind another digitalized
deadbolts. As the world is entering the
Golden phase of digitalization,
Information Security became the foremost
concern and challenge [1]. Despite of strict
data encrypting/decrypting algorithms
such as SHAW 1, RSA the breach in
Information Security is still threatened.
Over the time we talk about Internet of
Things (IoT) Pervasive Computing
Ubiquitous Computing which is a
distributed environment. Breach at one
place will affect the entire system, hence
for strengthening the concept of IoT
security stands as the prime pillar. In a
recent article of Forbes discusses how
increase in the fraudulent cases has
threatened retailers and customers in E
Commerce. Science and Technology might
be at par in doing discoveries but the
Nature stands as a powerful paradigm. It
shows the solution to all the problems
created by the mankind.
This paper discusses the detail concept of
Information Security, Nature Inspired
Algorithm and how researchers are
applying these meta heuristic techniques
for the information security specially for
the distributed environment.

eISSN: 2455-0345
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Cryptography in Wireless Sensor Networks for Security
Himanshu Monga*
Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Barnala Road, Sirsa, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
The future developments of the wireless sensor networks and its applications demands for the
efficient and secure communication. For the solution of efficient and reliable security needs
cryptography algorithms provides good solutions. For providing reliable security schemes
mainly data confidentiality now-a-days key management is used. This paper provides a
review over cryptography schemes being used to deal with security issues of wireless sensor
networks.
Keywords: efficient and reliable security, key management, symmetrical and asymmetrical
cryptography, wireless sensor networks
INTRODUCTION
The first section of this paper provides the
introductory concepts of WSN, security
issues and requirements. The section II
reviews the cryptographic techniques. In
section III the reviews for asymmetrical
cryptography with key management ideas.
Section IV contains the current and future
work in asymmetrical cryptography and
finally this paper is concluded with section
V.
Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor node contains
components like storage, processing,
sensing and transmission as their main
electronic components [1]. The
computational power possessed by these
electronic components is generally low,
but these electronic devices are the main
play contributors for computing. The task
of these electronic devices is to collect
data in a wireless network and pass the
collected data by the network between the
connecting nodes which work as collective
unit [2]. The WSNs are applicable for
monitoring human body organs,
environmental monitoring, temperature
and humidity controlling, vehicle traffic
controlling systems (Adhoc), etc. Figure 1
shows the basic scenario of wireless sensor
networks application in which a basic
network is used to monitor the type of an
application whether human body organ
monitoring, Adhoc network, temperature
control or any other application by using
sensor nodes for proving the desired
computational demands.
Fig. 1. Wireless sensor network.

eISSN: 2455-0345
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Survey on Secure Authentication Scheme for VANETs
Dinesh Tiwari1*
, Mayank Bhushan2
, Ankit Yadav2
, Aatif jamshed3
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
India
2
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP, India
3
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, UP, India
ABSTRACT
In wireless networks, Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), is one of most recent research
area, which is growing day by day. It is utilized to give an efficient Traffic Information
System (TIS), Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and Life Safety. Authentication is n
developing issue for VANET security. There are many authentication schemes which have
been given for stabilized communication among autonomous entities for efficient, fast,
scalable and reliable data transmission. In current scheme, there is not adopted a real-
life general solution in the worldwide standard for the autonomous mobile node
authentication in VANETs.
This paper gives core idea to understand several authentication schemes based on
Digital Signature algorithms like Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA),
Group Signature, Identiy-based (ID-based) Signature Pseudonym scheme, Public Key
Infrastructure based, TESLA based, etc. Discussion is also based on designing of new
anonymous authentication schemes which are more secure efficient, robust, scalable and
cost effective for VANET authentication and provide real-life general solution match with
the worldwide standard.
Keywords: elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, group-based signature, Identity-based
(ID-based) signature, vehicular ad hoc network, vehicular communication
*Corresponding Author
E-mail: dinesh.tiwari04@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are
also known as mobile ad hoc network
(MANETs) in Vehicular Environment (see
Figure 1). This means a special class of
Wireless network for vehicle that supports
intelligent transportations systems (ITS),
public safety, traffic information, prevent
vehicle accidents, etc. [13, 14, 16].
Fig. 1. Vehicular ad-hoc network.
In VANETs, On Board Unit (OBU), is an
electronic device integrated with every
vehicle, which facilitates communication
with other vehicles and also with the
infrastructures in the system. OBU consist
of processors, directional antennas, GPS
unit and sensors for communication to
other vehicles. There are two types of
communications as shown in Figure 2
which can be seen in VANETs [13, 14,
16].
• Vehicle to Vehicle communication
(V2V):
First mechanism is (V2V), in which a
autonomous mobile vehicle stabilized
communication to other autonomous

eISSN: 2455-0345
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