Journal of Alternate Energy Sources Technology vol 7 issue 3

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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 7; Issue 3] of our Journal of Alternate
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STM JOURNALS

1. Oceanic Temperature Gradient as an Alternative Energy Source
Apoorva Kulkarni, Aakanksha Mishra 1
2. Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using Mechanical Expeller and Microwave
Heating Technique
Chandra Kumar R., M.M. Benal, B. Durga Prasad, M.S. Krupashankara, Siddaligaswamy N.H. 7
3. Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices
Satish Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, N.K. Sharma 15
4. Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst
Rupesh L. Patel, Chandresh D. Sankhavara 23
5. Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and
Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
Anil Kumar Berwal, Nisha Kumari, Inderjeet Kaur, Sanjay Kumar, Abid Haleem 28
6. Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in
Deregulated Power Sector
Digambar Singh, Yog Raj Sood 37
ContentsJournal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies

JoAEST (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Oceanic Temperature Gradient as an Alternative Energy
Source
Apoorva Kulkarni*, Aakanksha Mishra
Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
World is facing an energy crunch. To respond to the global warming, we either need a supply
that has no carbon release or we need to find means to consume less energy. As the supply of
non-renewable energy resources is depleting, there is a demand for new energy technologies.
Oceans cover almost 70% of the earth’s surface, making them world’s largest solar collector.
This paper discusses a new technological approach of generating electricity indirectly from
solar energy by making use of the temperature difference between the sun-warmed surface of
tropical ocean and the colder deep water. Being a completely natural form of energy, the
electricity produced will be inexhaustible and green. The paper elaborates on the principle
and working of an oceanic thermal plant in details, mentioning its easy adaptability in the
current energy cycle and the drawbacks which are coupled along with it.
Keywords: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), ammonia, open cycle system,
closed cycle system, thermal energy
INTRODUCTION
Since ancient time, nature has been upheld by
man to quench its needs. Energy, the most
important factor in the progress of mankind
has been extracted from non-renewable
sources like coal, petrol, diesel etc. from
centuries. These being finite sources, will get
exhausted. Thus, there is a need to look for
alternate renewable options to ameliorate the
situation. Energy sources like nuclear, solar,
tidal, wind energy etc. have been adapted
lately, but there are limitations associated with
each. Like nuclear energy, this was thought as
an answer to all the energy questions, did not
turn out to be the same due to its
expensiveness.
Even tidal and wind energy are limited for
certain places only. Under this entire scenario,
OTEC, i.e., ocean thermal energy conversion
proves to be significant in satiating world’s
energy requirements. OTEC is a technology
that converts solar radiation to electric power
by using oceans’ natural thermal gradient. The
concept utilizes the temperature difference
existing between the surface warm waters and
the deep oceanic cold waters to release stored
solar energy to power a turbine.
The oceans cover almost 70% of the earth’s
surface. This makes it the world’s largest solar
energy collector and energy storage system. It
is reported that on an average every day, 60
million square kilometers of tropical seas
absorb an amount of solar radiation equal in
heat content to about 250 billion barrels of oil.
If less than 1/10th
of 1% of this stored solar
energy could be converted into electric power,
it would supply more than 20 times the total
amount of electricity consumed in the United
State (263 million inhabitants) on one day! [1].
OTEC has its roots grounded since 1880s but
it never gained popularity. The depleting
energy resources have left us with nothing but
an urgent need to bring OTEC in the picture as
a green, eco-friendly, renewable ultimate
energy source for the 21st century [2].
OTEC—BASIC PROCESS
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is
an old concept, which aims to tap solar energy
stored as sensible heat in the upper mixed
layer of tropical oceans. Deep cold seawater
originally formed at polar margins provides
the low temperature needed for an appropriate
working fluid, such as ammonia to complete a
thermodynamic. The warm seawater is used to

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using
Mechanical Expeller and Microwave Heating Technique
Chandra Kumar R.1,2,
*, M.M. Benal3
, B. Durga Prasad1
, M.S. Krupashankara2
,
Siddaligaswamy N.H.4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu,
Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar,
Karnataka, India
4
Director, All India Council for Technical Education, Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Government of India, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The extraction of oil from seeds is carried out traditionally by using mechanical expeller. In
this study, four configurations of oil extraction systems, namely, single screw, modified single
screw, twin screw and microwave assisted oil extraction have been evaluated for oil yield and
production or through put rate. Pongamia pinnata seeds have been used as the reference raw
materials for this study, both in whole seed form and in crushed form. Present day
conventional 10 kW power single screw mechanical oil expellers have a throughput of 15 kg/h
with an oil yield of 20%. This study has demonstrated that a twin screw extrusion system can
provide a throughput rate of 80 kg/h with an oil yield of 27% for the same energy input.
Microwave assisted oil extraction process was also evaluated as an alternative method. It
provides a throughput rate of 35 kg/hr with a yield of 25% for the same electric power input.
Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, microwave, oil, screw
INTRODUCTION
Extraction of oil from seeds is carried out
conventionally by mechanical expellers. These
expellers work on the principle of screw press.
Existing mechanical expellers are of single
screw type. The expeller mainly consists of
three sections (a) Feeding section (b) Crushing
section (c) Oil extraction section. The
functional parts of the expeller include a
barrel, worm shaft, gear reduction box, prime
mover, oil outlet, residue outlet and power
transmission system. The compression effect
can be achieved, either by decreasing the
clearance between the screw shaft and the
barrel (progressive or step-wise increase of the
shaft diameter) or by reducing the length of
the screw flight in the direction of the axial
movement. The gradually increasing pressure
releases the oil, which flows out of the press
through the slots provided on the periphery of
the barrel, while the press cake continues to
move in the direction of the shaft, towards a
discharge gate installed at the other extremity
of the machine [1]. There have been research
efforts to increase the oil yield from seeds by
optimizing the screw configurations of the
expellers [2]. Research is being conducted on
development of twin screw expellers, which
would increase the productivity of oil [3].
There have also been research efforts to
extract oil from seeds using innovative
techniques such as use of microwave heating.
Microwaves are electromagnetic energy with
frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This
energy is transmitted as waves, which
penetrates into biomaterials and interact with
molecules to generate heat [4]. Microwaves
interact selectively with the polar molecules
present, leading to localized heating. Thus,
there is rapid expansion leading to the rupture
of their walls [5]. Lipids have low specific
heat. Hence, they become susceptible to this
radiation [6]. This would lead to permanent
pores in the seed and thus result in higher yield
[7]. Rapid heating is the key advantage of

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System
for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices
Satish Kumar1,
*, Ashwani Kumar2
, N.K. Sharma3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, GB Nagar,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Requirement of power utilization is increasing exponentially both by industrial usage as well
as in our day-to-day life due to inclusion of latest developments in the technology and
automation. So, increase of power generation from conventional as well as non-conventional
type of energy resources to meet these challenges is also needed. This increase in power
generation is not possible alone by existing methods. Wind energy and integration of wind
energy system with existing systems to increase the power generation is one of the methods to
meet day to day need of high power demands. Though, an integration of wind system needs
some compensation techniques to increase the power generating capacity of multimachine
machine system. Reactive power compensation or drop in voltage of various buses of the
system is needed from the stability point of view. Inclusion of FACTS, devices to boost active
power proves to be good method for this purpose especially when the system is integrated with
renewable energy resources. Based on simulated IEEE-14 Bus wind integrated system
provided by PSAT, the performance of various FACTS devices needs to be checked, so that
variations in the bus voltages of the integrated system can be controlled to improve the
stability of the system. In this paper Identification of various week buses by Line Voltage
stability indices are presented with in the composite system so that placement of suitable
FACTS devices can be done to improve the performance of the system.
Keywords: FACTS, wind penetration, voltage stability, line indices, voltage collapse
INTRODUCTION
Considering the various challenges of voltage
stability, various new techniques for
improvement in voltage profile and reactive
power compensation needs to be monitored
closely for better performance of the system.
Integration of renewable energy as being the
latest techniques for both the fulfilment of
small power requirements and to increase the
level of power generation. Wind power
system, solar system, hybrid energy resources
are some of the examples which can be
combined in the existing conventional
methods for better performance and more
power output. Various countries like China,
Brazil, Ukraine and many more are utilizing
the resources with some compensation
techniques. But due to some technical
restrictions and limitations, integration is
limited to some defined voltage levels only.
Voltage stability issue is very critical which
researchers have considered while generating
power from these resources either alone or
with integration. When the wind energy
conversion systems are introduces in the
power system, the voltage stability of the
system tends to decrease due to the voltage
drop of the system or various component
present in the system. Various types of wind
energy conversion systems are available
nowadays. Doubly Fed Induction Generators
(DFIG) type wind energy conversion systems
are very popular and user friendly to tackle the
issue of voltage stability.as far as system
security is concern, they give more flexibility
and support for compensation techniques.
Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS)
technically play very crucial role while
handling the voltage stability and security
issues in the wind integrated systems. Various

Volume 7, Issue 3
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Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst
Rupesh L. Patel1,
*, Chandresh D. Sankhavara2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
2
School of Engineering, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract
In India, diesel consumption is increasing at an alarming rate which is increasing the
import bill and the problems related to environment pollution. Biodiesel (BD) from non-
edible oil like karanja is attractive feed stock for diesel engine. Due to high acid value of
karanja oil (KO), a two-step process is necessary for BD production using homogeneous
catalyst. In present study, BD was produced from KO by transesterification process using
homogeneous catalyst (KOH) and heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) by two-step process. A
catalytic characteristic of CaO was improved by loading lithium on CaO. Prepared Li-CaO
was used to produce BD from KO in single step simultaneous esterification and
transesterification process.
Keywords: Biodiesel, karanja oil, transesterification, edible oil, catalyst, thermal efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Due to better thermal efficiency of diesel
engine and lower diesel price compared to
petrol, is the cause, diesel engines are widely
used in generator sets and in agriculture
sectors. In India, diesel consumption is quite
higher then petrol. India is a developing
country and is not self-sufficient for
petrochemical products. India imported
159.259 MMT of crude oil in 2009 and
189.238 MMT in 2013–14. This indicates
18.82% rise in import for crude oil. While
during the same time period, the local
production of crude oil was increased from
33.69 to 37.788 MMT only, which indicates
that the gap between oil consumption and its
production is increasing at alarming rate. In
2000–2001, India consumed 40.34 MT of
diesel, in which 66% diesel was imported
having cost of ₹200 billion. In 2012–13, India
consumed 69.08 MT of diesel which was
43.98% of total consumption of all types of
petroleum products; the consumption of petrol
was 10.02%, LPG-9.93% and Naptha-7.82%
[1–3]. This data shows that in India,
consumption of diesel is quite higher than
other petroleum products. It is well known fact
that the emissions of diesel engine contain
higher percentage of harmful gas (CO, CO2,
HC and smoke) than petrol engine. So, for a
country like India, it is necessary to find an
alternative fuel which should be locally
available at reasonable rate and is environment
friendly. Karanja tree is widely available in
many states of India. The toxic component
present in its oil makes it non-edible. The cost
of karanja oil (KO) is ₹50–55 per liter. Its
seeds contain up to 40% oil. Its oil contains
mainly oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic
acids. KO is also used to run generator set by
the farmers in the Karnataka. But its high
viscosity (10 to 15 times higher than diesel)
creates problem in fuel injection and
atomization [4]. Transesterification of
vegetable oil using homogeneous base catalyst
(NaOH and KOH) is most widely used process
for the production of biodiesel (BD). But,
homogeneous catalyst has certain problems
related to neutralization, separation and
purification steps at the end of process.
Heterogeneous base catalysts are easy to
separate from the reaction product and can be
recycled again [5]. A variety of heterogeneous
catalyst have been used for the production of
BD by transesterification process like calcium
carbonate [6], sulphated zirconia [7], zeolites
[8], alkali earth metal compounds [9],
titanium-grafted mesoporous silica [10] and tin
compounds supported in ion exchange resins
[11]. Table 1 shows the BD yield for various

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the
Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and
Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
Anil Kumar Berwal1,
*, Nisha Kumari1
, Inderjeet Kaur1
, Sanjay Kumar2
, Abid Haleem3
1
Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Study, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Institute of Technology and Management,
Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The study of spectral variations is very important in the characterization of silicon solar cells.
The spectral variations of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells is
studied through the spectral response with the help of spectral response evaluation meter,
CEP-25HS-50SR. PVsyst 6.4.3 software is used to study the variation of air mass throughout
the day and the year and to understand that how solar irradiance varies with the changing air
mass. As per the findings, the spectral sensitivity of monocrystalline and polycrystalline
silicon solar lies in the entire visible region and partial UV and infrared region of solar
spectrum whereas amorphous silicon solar cells have a narrow spectral range. This is most
likely due to partial absorption of the long wavelength photon. It is observed that with the
increase in value of zenith angle and air mass there’s a continuous decrease in light intensity
received in the form of solar radiation. The intensity of solar radiations decreases because of
atmospheric refraction which further decreases the spectral response value and hence the
power output of the silicon solar cells is affected adversely.
Keywords: Solar spectrum, spectral response, short circuit current, air mass, zenith angle and
quantum efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Conventional solar cells are made from silicon
and are commonly termed as wafer based Si
solar cells and their popular sub division is
single crystal (monocrystalline) and multi
crystal “mc-Si” (Polycrystalline) and are real
workhorse of the PV industry, worldwide.
Hetro-junction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT)
is another form of silicon based solar cells,
which are developed by Sanyo, Japan [1].
Second-generation solar cells are called thin-
film solar cells because they are made from
amorphous silicon or sometimes non-silicon
materials such as cadmium telluride “CdTe”.
Amorphous silicon “a-Si”solar cells are the
second most popular solar cells technology
after silicon based solar cells. But their market
share is meagre in comparison to silicon solar
cells due to high manufacturing cost and low
efficiency [2, 3]. Third-generation solar cells
are being made from a variety of new
materials besides silicon, including solar inks
using conventional printing press technologies,
solar dyes, and conductive plastics.
Characterization plays an important role in the
fabrication of solar cells while keeping a check
on the quality control. The importance of
spectral effects on PV devices has been
investigated by Gottschalg et al. and Kenny et
al. on the basis of computer simulations and
indoor measurements [4, 5]. The total distance
travelled by the sunlight to reach the earth
varies throughout the day and throughout the
year and this path length of sunlight is defined
by the term air mass. The spectral variations
throughout the day and year can easily be
understood by air mass.
Magare et al. studied the effect of seasonal
spectral variations on the performance of
different PV technologies in the Indian

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for
Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in Deregulated
Power Sector
Digambar Singh*, Yog Raj Sood
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Abstract
The present era dominates with green energy, such as the wind, solar, geothermal, tidal,
ocean, bio, etc., since these sources plentifully available, pollution free, zero noise. Power
shortages in rural, as well as remote areas, encourage the development of green energy
sources. To meet the demand by dissimilar configurations such as standalone or grid
interconnected microgrid. Standalone green energy microgrid provides the most appropriate
solution for electrification of rural and remote areas. This paper has been presented a
proposed approach for energy storage system through pumping in the form of water potential.
A standalone microgrid with storage system is capable to provide continuous and reliable
supply by a little loss of load. The two case studies have been proposed for continuous power
supply operation of the standalone microgrid. The first case has been considered without
pump storage system and the second case considered with the storage system. The optimal
capacity of the pump storage has been determined. The work has been validated 3-microgrid
interconnected system with green energy generation.
Keywords: Energy management, green energy microgrid, pumped storage system, green
energy resources
INTRODUCTION
Standalone green energy microgrid (SGEMG)
is the plentiful sources of energy generation. It
consists of all types of green resources such as
wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, etc. depend on
availability. They provide the most appropriate
solution to the electrification for rural and
remote areas without interconnection of the
main grid. SGEMG is widespread energy
generation to remote places. Further SGEMG
is used with storage system like pump storage
system then it can give continuous power
supply operation. Because of pumped hydro-
energy storage seems more inexpensive than
the battery and other power storage system for
the standalone microgrid. The performance of
SGEMG is highly future-energy generation
resources and there is often a gaunt correlation
between their generation peak and the demand
peak. To accomplish this goal using green
energy sources, not only for large-scale energy
production but also for small-scale standalone
systems [1]. The fossil fuel and pollutant
emission is declined by using these sources.
Green energies keep away from the safety
problems consequent from atomic power
generation [2]. The author [3] has been
presented the assessment of social point of
view; it becomes more desirable to approve
renewable energy power plants. In the past few
years, over 1.5 billion people in isolated areas
of worldwide and most living in small isolated
villages or islands still lack access to
convenience grid electricity have been
introduced [4]. Such types of place use power
by diesel generators or even living in without
electricity. Therefore, the Phs is the most
extensive energy storage technology with a
roundtrip efficiency of 70–85% [5], and its
first application in 1890.
This stored energy must be use to allow for
transmitting of the energy on demand.
Therefore, energy storage system is a vital
significance for providing electricity by use of
popular resources as PV and wind power. It has
been presented pumped hydro storage having
more than 300 plants, which is vital energy

Journal of Alternate Energy Sources Technology vol 7 issue 3

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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources Technology vol 7 issue 3