The document outlines the steps of the educational research process. It begins with identifying a research problem and reviewing relevant literature. This is followed by specifying the purpose of the study and describing the methodology for collecting and analyzing data. The final steps are interpreting the results and reporting findings to relevant audiences who can then evaluate and apply the research. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, deducing implications to test through evidence collection, and verifying whether the evidence supports the hypothesis.

1. Research Methodology
Qualitative & Quantitative
By
Dr.Shazia Zamir

2. Contents
• USE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
- Procedure of Educational Research
- The Scientific Method

3. Research
• Research is a cyclical process of steps that typically begins with
identifying a research problem. It then involves reviewing the
literature, specifying a purpose for the study, collecting and
analyzing data, and forming an interpretation of the
information. This process ends in a report, distributed to audiences,
that is evaluated and used in the educational community.(Cresswell,
2002)

4. Objectives Of Educational Research
 Understanding: what?
 Prediction: of what? and
 Control: of what?
Activity on identification of problems in Education
 To write down the problem you would like to solve in your
respective area.

5. Procedure of Educational Research
Chapter One
Step one
Identify a problem or issue
One that needs to be resolved
Step two
How?
 Specify the topic
 Justify why it needs to be studied
 Suggest the importance of this topic to a specific group
Why Specify?
 Specifying limits broad topics makes them easier to research.
Introduction also call the Statement of the Problem

6. Procedure of Educational Research
• Chapter Two
Literature Review, Defined Discovering summaries, books, journals, and
indexed publications on a topic, selectively choosing which literature
is relevant, and then writing a report that summarizes that literature.
Chapter Three
Specifying A Purpose
• Key Chapter Introduces the entire study, signals the procedures to be
used (methodologies), and points to the results to be found. This chapter
must be crafted carefully.
Your explanation of how you are going to go about Collecting data so that
others could replicate your study.
• Collecting Data identifying and selecting individuals for a study obtaining
their permission to be studied and gathering
information by administering instruments, through asking people questions
or observing their behavior.

7. Procedure of Educational Research
• Chapter Four
Analyzing and Interpreting the Data Analysis Means taking the data
apart to see individual responses and putting it back together
to summarize it. Presentation of findings, no explanation. Charts and
Graphs Important to this chapter.
• Chapter Five
Reporting and Evaluating
Research Determining the audience and structuring the report in a
format that is acceptable to this audience. Explains what this research
means.

8. Procedure of Educational Research

9. Procedure of Educational Research
• The research problem
• Formulation of research objectives
• Research methodology
• Data collection
• Analysis and interpretation of data
• Reporting the results

10. Scientific Method
• Identification and definition of the problem: The researcher states
the identified problem in such a manner that it can b solved through
experimentation or observation.
• Formulation of hypothesis: It allows to have an intelligent guess
for the solution of the problem.
• Implication of hypothesis through deductive reasoning: Here, the
researcher assumes the implications of suggested hypothesis, which
may be true.
• Collection and analysis of evidence: The researcher tests the
assumed implications of the hypothesis by collecting concerned
evidence related to them through experimentation and observation.
• Verification of the hypothesis: Later on the researcher verifies
whether the evidence support hypothesis. If it supports, the
hypothesis is accepted, if it doesn‘t the hypothesis is not accepted
and later on it is modified if it is necessary

11. Class Activity
Now select the area of your interest and do the following:
1. Write down a research topic/problem.
2. Write down the hypotheses.
Discussion

12. Activity
Choose a published journal article/thesis from library that relates
to your area of research interest. Find the research problem, the
literature review, the research questions, the data collection, the
data analysis, and the interpretation of the study. Copy the article
and label the six key components
of the research process in the margins of the article.