RRL

1. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Prepared by:
MELINA V. KAHULUGAN, LPT

2. CONTENT STANDARD: The learner
demonstrates understanding of the criteria in
selecting, citing, and synthesizing RL
Performance Standards: The learner selects,
cites, and synthesizes judiciously RL and use
sources according to ethical standards.
Learning Competencies/ Objectives:
Selects relevant literature

3. CITATION
•mention•Excerpt,
quotation
• an act of quoting

4. Definition of RRL
•Reviewing related literature is one
major activity in research that makes
you examine or study again concepts
or ideas related to your research that
people managed to publish in books,
journals, or other reading materials in
the past.

5. Purposes of RRL
•To find out the connection of your research to
the current conditions or situations of the
world.
•To know more about theories or concepts
underlying your research and to learn from
them with respect to your own research study
•To discover the relation of your research with
previous research studies

6. Purposes of RRL
•To obtain information on the
accuracy or relevance of your
research questions
•To familiarize yourself with
technical terms related to your
research

7. Two Basic Methods of RRL
•Traditional – it is to summarize present
forms of knowledge on a specific subject. Its
aim is to expand and create new
understanding of an existing work. It is
prone to your subjectivity.
•Systematic - it is methodical that involves
sequential acts of a review of related
literature.

8. TWO BASIC METHODS OF REFERENCING
•APA – American Psychological Association
(Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2016)
(Manalo, 2015) or Manalo (2016)
•MLA – Modern Language Association
(Bautista 183), Flores et.al. 150-158)
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235-240)
(Velarde 4; 389-403) – for periodicals

9. Tense of Verbs for Reporting
•Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting
author’s ideas. Present their ideas in any of these
tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect tense.
The APA system, however, prefers the use of present
perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense – Marcos explains…
Past tense – Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense – Marcos has explained….

10. Citation or In-text Citation
•References within the main body of the text,
specifically in RRL
PURPOSES OF CITATION
•To give importance and respect to other people
for what they know about the field
•To give authority, validity, and credibility to other
people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments

11. PURPOSES OF CITATION
•To prove your broad and extensive reading of
authentic and relevant materials about your
topic.
•To help readers find or contact the sources of
ideas easily
•To permit readers to check the accuracy of your
work
•To save yourself from plagiarism

12. Example of In-text Citation

20. What is an Introduction?
•An introduction may be many different things,
depending on the type of writing you are doing
•In an empirical paper—a proposal or research
paper—an introduction does three things:
•Introduces your topic
•Reviews the literature of your topic
•States your hypotheses or research questions
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
20

21. What is an Introduction?
•Students often ask: What is the difference
between an introduction and a literature
review?
•Answer: The literature review is part of your
introduction
•It is likely to be the largest, most important
part
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
21

22. The Outline of an Introduction
Here is a very broad outline. The slides that follow show
how to write the opening paragraph. The other
sections are covered in a different tutorial
I. Opening paragraph
II. Review of the literature
III. Summary paragraph and statement of hypotheses or
research questions
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
22

23. The Opening Paragraph
•This is a key paragraph
•It lets the reader know what to expect
•It gives the reader a general roadmap for
your paper
•It may mention papers you will review in
more detail later
•For a very long paper it may be more than
one paragraph Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
23

24. The opening paragraph
Includes 5 basic pieces of information, usually in this
order:
•A statement of the general topic
•A general statement about what the literature has
found
•A statement about what the literature is missing or
where there is an unanswered question
•The aim of the study
•A general statement of the study approachCreated by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
24

25. The opening paragraph-Example
• For a study about child development, parenting and culture
Parenting style is a well established influence on child development
(Bornstein, 2003). Research indicates that different parenting styles
are generally predictive of academic and emotional adaptation in
children (Steinberg, Elmen & Mounts, 1989) . However, some
research has suggested that the influence of parenting style may vary
across cultures and by immigration status (Frankel & Roer-Bornstein,
1982). The aim of the current study was to examine how parenting
style among first-generation immigrants from the African diaspora
influenced child development. The study examined parenting style
and child outcomes within a community of Somalian immigrants in
the Northeastern United States.Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
25

26. Opening paragraph-First Sentence
• A statement of the general topic:
Parenting style is a well established influence on child
development (Bornstein, 2003).
Note
• The statement is general, but not too general
• it is not a sweeping statement
• The statement is empirical—it is a statement of research findings
• Not an opinion
• The statement includes a citation
• This citation may be reviewed in more detail later in the paper
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
26

27. Opening paragraph-Second Sentence
•A statement about what the literature has found
Research indicates that different parenting styles are
generally predictive of academic and emotional adaptation in
children (Steinberg, Elmen & Mounts, 1989) .
•This is more specific than your first statement
•It introduces the reader to the specific area you are
interested in
• Parenting style and academic and emotional outcomes in
children
•It includes a citation
• Which you will review in more detail later in the introductionCreated by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
27

28. Opening Paragraph-Third Sentence
• A statement about what the literature is missing or where there is
an unanswered question
However, some research has suggested that the influence of
parenting style may vary across cultures and by immigration status
(Frankel & Roer-Bornstein, 1982).
• Note
• This statement is a contrast with the previous statement
• It says not all parenting styles lead to the same outcome
• It introduces the idea that there is a an unanswered question to be
explored
• It includes a citation
• Which will be reviewed in more detail later in the paperCreated by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
28

29. Opening Paragraph-Fourth Sentence
• The aim of the study
The aim of the current study was to examine how parenting style
among first-generation immigrants from the African diaspora
influenced child development.
• This tells the reader generally what your study is about
• It should be a study that responds to the question you identified in
the previous sentence
• Because the study is completed, it is a statement in the past tense
• For a proposal the statement would be in the future tense
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
29

30. Opening Paragraph-Fifth Sentence
•A general statement of the study approach
The study examined parenting style and child outcomes within
a community of Somalian immigrants in the Northeastern
United States.
•This tells the reader just a little about your sample and
method
• Not too much
• Enough so that the reader understands why you review certain
types of articles
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
30

31. Summary
•This tutorial presented the definition and purpose
of an introduction for an empirical paper or
proposal
•It presented one format for writing an introduction
•It focused on writing the very first paragraph of an
introduction
•It gave a detailed step by step account of how to
write the first paragraph of an introduction
Created by Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
31

32. Activity:
Each one in the group shall prepare
an introduction using an Opening
Paragraph.

33. Rubric
Criteria POINTS
Statement of General Topic 2
General Statement of found literature 3
Statement about what missing literature 5
The aim of the study 2
General Statement of the study approach 3
TOTAL 15

34. References:
https://www.uml.edu/.../How%20to%20write%20an%20Intr
oduction-The%20First%2...
Alice Frye, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of
Massachusetts, Lowell

35. STANDARDS TRADITIONAL REVIEW SYSTEMATIC REVIEW