Mammalian Reproduction
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The document summarizes human reproductive anatomy and physiology. It describes the male reproductive system including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis. It also describes the female reproductive system including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Finally, it outlines the stages of human sexual response including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution in both males and females.
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Reproductive cycles in mammals
The document summarizes reproductive cycles in mammals. It describes the estrous cycle found in most non-primate mammals, characterized by a brief period of fertility called estrus. The estrous cycle has four phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and anestrus. It also describes the human menstrual cycle, which repeats monthly and is characterized by changes in the uterine lining and maturation and ovulation of follicles. If fertilization does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow. Both cycles are regulated by hormones from the pituitary gland and ovaries.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
URINOGENITAL SYSTEM
The urinogenital system includes the urinary and reproductive systems of vertebrates. The urinary system includes kidneys and ducts, while the reproductive system includes gonads and ducts. These two systems are closely related in vertebrates. The kidneys develop from the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros in embryos. The metanephros contains nephrons, the functional units of vertebrate kidneys. Male gonads are testes that produce sperm, while female gonads are ovaries that produce eggs. Sperm and eggs meet during reproduction and are exchanged via various genital ducts and organs between males and females.
capacitation ,Acrosome reaction.pptx
This document discusses the process of sperm maturation and capacitation. It explains that hormones stimulate spermatogenesis in the testes. Sperm then mature in the epididymis over 18-24 hours, gaining motility. During capacitation in the female reproductive tract, cholesterol is removed from sperm membranes over 1-10 hours, making them more permeable and able to undergo the acrosome reaction for fertilization. This involves releasing enzymes to penetrate the egg's protective layers.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
acrosome reaction
The document discusses the process of fertilization and the acrosome reaction. It describes how:
1) Upon contact with the egg's jelly coat, the acrosome reaction is initiated, causing enzymes to be released from the acrosome to digest the coat.
2) This reaction fuses the acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane, releasing enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the vitelline envelope and reach the egg.
3) The influx of calcium triggers the extension of the acrosomal process through actin polymerization, allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg membrane.
FATE MAPS 26.03.2020 dev bio (1).pdf
Fate maps diagrammatically represent the prospective fate of embryonic regions at an early developmental stage. They indicate which tissues or organs specific parts of the early embryo will develop into. Fate maps change over time as cells move and multiply. Different labeling techniques are used to construct fate maps, including natural cell markers, vital dyes, carbon particles, radioactive tracers, and transgenic techniques. Comparing fate maps across stages reveals cell lineage and morphogenetic movements during development. Fate maps have been instrumental for understanding embryonic development.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
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The document summarizes reproductive cycles in mammals. It describes the estrous cycle found in most non-primate mammals, characterized by a brief period of fertility called estrus. The estrous cycle has four phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and anestrus. It also describes the human menstrual cycle, which repeats monthly and is characterized by changes in the uterine lining and maturation and ovulation of follicles. If fertilization does not occur, the thickened uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow. Both cycles are regulated by hormones from the pituitary gland and ovaries.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
Depending upon these component yolks is distinguished into protein yolks and fatty acid
For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
URINOGENITAL SYSTEM
The urinogenital system includes the urinary and reproductive systems of vertebrates. The urinary system includes kidneys and ducts, while the reproductive system includes gonads and ducts. These two systems are closely related in vertebrates. The kidneys develop from the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros in embryos. The metanephros contains nephrons, the functional units of vertebrate kidneys. Male gonads are testes that produce sperm, while female gonads are ovaries that produce eggs. Sperm and eggs meet during reproduction and are exchanged via various genital ducts and organs between males and females.
capacitation ,Acrosome reaction.pptx
This document discusses the process of sperm maturation and capacitation. It explains that hormones stimulate spermatogenesis in the testes. Sperm then mature in the epididymis over 18-24 hours, gaining motility. During capacitation in the female reproductive tract, cholesterol is removed from sperm membranes over 1-10 hours, making them more permeable and able to undergo the acrosome reaction for fertilization. This involves releasing enzymes to penetrate the egg's protective layers.
Types of egg, Classification of eggs, Structure of frog egg, Structure of chi...
The document discusses different types of eggs based on various classification schemes. Eggs can be classified based on the amount of yolk present as alecithal (no yolk), microlecithal (small amount of yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or macrolecithal/megalecithal (large amount of yolk). They can also be classified based on yolk distribution as isolecithal (uniform), telolecithal (concentrated at one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk at the center). Additionally, eggs are classified as mosaic (development predetermined) or regulative (development not predetermined), and as cleidoic (hard shell) or
acrosome reaction
The document discusses the process of fertilization and the acrosome reaction. It describes how:
1) Upon contact with the egg's jelly coat, the acrosome reaction is initiated, causing enzymes to be released from the acrosome to digest the coat.
2) This reaction fuses the acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane, releasing enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the vitelline envelope and reach the egg.
3) The influx of calcium triggers the extension of the acrosomal process through actin polymerization, allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg membrane.
FATE MAPS 26.03.2020 dev bio (1).pdf
Fate maps diagrammatically represent the prospective fate of embryonic regions at an early developmental stage. They indicate which tissues or organs specific parts of the early embryo will develop into. Fate maps change over time as cells move and multiply. Different labeling techniques are used to construct fate maps, including natural cell markers, vital dyes, carbon particles, radioactive tracers, and transgenic techniques. Comparing fate maps across stages reveals cell lineage and morphogenetic movements during development. Fate maps have been instrumental for understanding embryonic development.
block to polyspermy.pptx
Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy
The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal.
If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy
After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated.
First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV.
While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place.
These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t
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Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
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1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
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Developmental biology
Sexual reproduction involves combining the chromosomes of two parents so that no two offspring are identical. Most organisms reproduce sexually. The evolution of sex is puzzling given its costs, but it provides genetic variation that helps populations adapt to changing environments, as proposed by the Red Queen Hypothesis. Meiosis during gamete formation and fertilization contributes to this genetic variation between offspring.
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The document describes and compares the female reproductive systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It discusses the major organs of each system, including ovaries, oviducts, shell glands, uteruses, vaginas, and milk glands. It notes that while reptiles, birds, and mammals all have ovaries, birds uniquely have only a left ovary. Additionally, oviducts open into the cloaca in reptiles and birds but the vagina in mammals. The uterus is absent in reptiles but present in birds and mammals. The reproductive system of mammals is described as the most advanced of the three.
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This document discusses sperm capacitation, which prepares sperm to fertilize an egg. It involves physiological changes to the sperm, including changes to its motility and ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. Capacitation involves removal of decapacitation factors from the sperm surface and changes in the sperm membrane and intracellular signaling. Specifically, it involves cholesterol removal from the membrane, increased calcium, pH and cAMP levels, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation within the sperm. These changes prime the sperm for fertilization by allowing the acrosome reaction and fusion with the egg.
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The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
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The document summarizes key aspects of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina. It describes the structure and functions of the ovaries, including oogenesis and folliculogenesis. It explains how follicles develop from primordial to tertiary stages and the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, and estrogens in follicle development and ovulation. After ovulation, it describes corpus luteum formation and the roles of the corpus luteum in pregnancy or menstruation. It also briefly discusses atresia, the degeneration of ovarian follicles.
Establishment of Body Axis in Humans
1. Three body axes are essential for embryonic development in humans - the anterior-posterior axis extending from head to tail, the dorsal-ventral axis extending from back to belly, and the right-left axis between bilateral sides.
2. In mammals, the anterior-posterior axis is established by signaling centers in the node and anterior visceral endoderm that pattern the embryo through gradients of proteins like Nodal, FGF, and retinoic acid.
3. The dorsal-ventral axis is defined by the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst, and the left-right axis results in asymmetric internal organ placement like the heart being on the left side.
embryonic-induction.pdf
Embryonic induction describes the process by which one group of cells, or tissues, directs the development of another group of cells. Key experiments by Mangold and Spemann demonstrated regional specification during induction - tissues from different regions of the organizer induce different structures in the responding tissue. For example, the anterior portion of the archenteron roof induces head structures while the posterior portion induces tail structures. Spemann's experiments also showed that early amphibian blastomeres have an equal potency to form a complete embryo that is specified by cell-cell interactions, in particular by the gray crescent organizer tissue.
Three spined stickle back presentation
The three-spined stickleback fish exhibits distinct breeding behaviors between males and females. Males will isolate themselves from schools at the start of breeding season and establish territories, defending them aggressively from other males. Within their territory, males will undergo color changes and build nests out of plant materials. They then perform zigzag dances to attract females and fertilize the eggs females lay in the nest. For around two weeks, males will fan the nests to provide oxygen for developing eggs and guard the hatched young.
Folliculogenesis
Folliculogenesis is the maturation process of ovarian follicles that contain oocytes. It begins with primordial follicles at birth and progresses through primary, secondary, tertiary, and preovulatory stages over approximately 375 days. Key changes include recruitment of granulosa and theca cells, antrum formation, and growth in response to hormones like FSH and LH. By the time of ovulation, usually one follicle remains to release its oocyte while the remaining follicles die through atresia. The supply of follicles steadily declines with age until menopause due to DNA damage accumulation that impairs repair in oocytes.
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The document discusses human reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the major functions and events of the reproductive system including gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, and development of the fetus. It provides detailed information on sperm production (spermatogenesis) in the testes and ovaries, and the structures and roles of reproductive organs like the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and the testes, epididymis, and accessory glands in males.
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The document summarizes the key functions and anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. The male system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones. It nurtures a fetus during pregnancy. Key organs include testes, ovaries, uterus, and other structures that work together to enable reproduction.
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The document discusses the neural control of animal behavior through several examples. It begins by describing the basic structural and functional unit of the neural system, the neuron, and how properties like axon diameter affect signal transmission speed and behavioral response times. Several case studies are then presented that demonstrate how complex behaviors can be elicited by simple stimuli through neural processing, including begging behavior in gull chicks and moth responses to bats. Neural control of escape behaviors is shown in sea slugs. The role of the mushroom bodies neural cluster in spatial learning and honeybee foraging is also described.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
hormonal control of behaviour-2.pptx
Hormones play an important role in regulating animal behavior. Gonadal hormones like testosterone and estrogen influence sexual, aggressive, and parental behaviors. The pituitary gland releases hormones like LH, FSH, and prolactin that affect reproductive behaviors. Thyroid hormones control metamorphosis and migration. Hormones have bidirectional relationships with behavior - hormones can influence behavior and behavioral stimuli can trigger hormone release. For example, mating stimulates LH and oxytocin release in some species. Together, the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate the complex behaviors necessary for survival and reproduction.
Maturation of sperm
The sperm development process takes place over 78 days and involves maturation in the testes and epididymis. In the testes, sperm undergo cell division and differentiation over 64 days while gaining mobility and fertility in the epididymis over 14 days. The optimal environment for sperm maturation is provided by epididymal epithelial cells under genetic control. Sperm maturation occurs in four steps - storage and maturation in the epididymis, activation during ejaculation, capacitation as they ascend to the ovaries, and the acrosome reaction when near an egg.
Developmental biology
Sexual reproduction involves combining the chromosomes of two parents so that no two offspring are identical. Most organisms reproduce sexually. The evolution of sex is puzzling given its costs, but it provides genetic variation that helps populations adapt to changing environments, as proposed by the Red Queen Hypothesis. Meiosis during gamete formation and fertilization contributes to this genetic variation between offspring.
Female reproductive system of Birds, reptiles and mammals
The document describes and compares the female reproductive systems of reptiles, birds, and mammals. It discusses the major organs of each system, including ovaries, oviducts, shell glands, uteruses, vaginas, and milk glands. It notes that while reptiles, birds, and mammals all have ovaries, birds uniquely have only a left ovary. Additionally, oviducts open into the cloaca in reptiles and birds but the vagina in mammals. The uterus is absent in reptiles but present in birds and mammals. The reproductive system of mammals is described as the most advanced of the three.
HORMONAL REGULATION OF OVULATION,PREGNANCY,PARTURITION
The document discusses the hormonal regulation of ovulation, pregnancy, and parturition. It describes the key hormones involved in each process, including estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, hCG, relaxin, corticotropin, and oxytocin. Ovulation is regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland releasing hormones like LH and FSH. Pregnancy involves changes in the maternal body and is maintained by hormones like estrogen, progesterone, hCG, and corticotropin. Parturition is triggered by a drop in progesterone and rise in oxytocin, relaxing ligaments and stimulating uterine contractions.
Sperm Capacitation2
This document discusses sperm capacitation, which prepares sperm to fertilize an egg. It involves physiological changes to the sperm, including changes to its motility and ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. Capacitation involves removal of decapacitation factors from the sperm surface and changes in the sperm membrane and intracellular signaling. Specifically, it involves cholesterol removal from the membrane, increased calcium, pH and cAMP levels, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation within the sperm. These changes prime the sperm for fertilization by allowing the acrosome reaction and fusion with the egg.
Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
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Human reproduction involves complex anatomy and behavior. Spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females both involve meiosis, but differ in that males continuously produce sperm from puberty, while females are born with a finite number of eggs and release one per menstrual cycle. The male reproductive system includes internal testes and ducts for sperm transport, and external genitals for copulation. The female system includes internal ovaries and ducts for egg transport and development, and external genitals for reproduction and birth.
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The document discusses human reproduction. It describes the structure and function of male and female reproductive systems. In males, the testes produce sperm which are transported via the vas deferens. During ejaculation, sperm mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen. In females, eggs are produced in the ovaries and mature in the fallopian tubes. If sperm meet and fertilize an egg, it may implant in the uterus for pregnancy. The goal of reproduction is production of gametes and potential fertilization and pregnancy.
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The reproductive system becomes active at puberty. The male reproductive system includes the testes which produce sperm and the accessory organs involved in ejaculation. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries which produce eggs and the uterus which supports pregnancy. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause changes in the ovaries and uterus to allow potential fertilization and implantation. If fertilization occurs, the embryo implants and develops a placenta to receive nutrients from the mother.
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human reproduction in males and females
Located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
Scrotum provides low temperature required for spermatogenesis.
Each testis is about 4 to 5 cm length and 2 to 3 cm width.
Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.
Each lobule contains one to three seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubules lined by male germ cells and Sertoli cells.
Male germ cell undergoes meiosis and produce sperm.
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cell and the sperm.
In between the seminiferous tubule there is interstitial cell or Leydig
cell.
Leydig cells produce testicular hormones
called androgen (testosteron It is the primary female sex organs that produce the female
gamete (ovum).
It also produces several steroid hormones.
The ovaries located in the lower abdomen.
Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length.
Connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium which encloses the
ovarian stroma
The ovarian stroma has two zones
A peripheral cortex.
An inner medulla.
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- 2. Keywords glans penis Hymen Leydig cells mammary glands myotonia oogenesis orgasm ovaries oviduct/Fallopian tubes ovulation penis prepuce prostate gland scrotum semen seminal vesicles seminiferous tubules Spermatogenesis testis urethra uterus vagina vas deferens vasocongestion acrosome baculum Bartholin’s glands bulbourethral gland cervix clitoris coitus corpus luteum ejaculation endometrium epididymis follicle