The document discusses human reproduction, including: 1) It begins with an introduction describing human reproduction as typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and woman, resulting in fertilization if the man's sperm fertilizes the woman's ovum. 2) It then describes the female and male reproductive systems, the hormonal cycles that control reproduction, and the menstrual cycle in females. 3) Finally, it discusses fertilization, the development of the fertilized ovum into an embryo, and the key stages of embryogenesis such as cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis.

1. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Y. Nagamani
Msc (N) 1st year

2. INTRODUCTION
Human reproduction is a any form of sexual reproduction resulting in
human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between man and a
women. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female
reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman’s ovum by the men’s
sperm.

3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
External organs

4. INTERNAL ORGANS

5. UTERUS

7. ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

8. BLOOD SUPPLY

9. HORMONAL CYCLE
Introduction:
The biological cycles in a woman are controlled by the
hypothalamus. It governs the anterior pituitary gland by hormonal pathway.
The anterior pituitary gland in turn governs the ovaries by hormones. The
hormones, produce in the ovaries, control changes in the uterus. All the
changes occurs simultaneously and in harmony.

10. OVARIAN CYCLE

11. HARMONES
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Relaxin

12. Hormonal control

13. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Menstruation refers to the monthly discharge through the vagina of
blood and other substances from the uterus in non-pregnant adult females.
Phases:
• Early proliferative phase
• Late proliferative phase
• Secretory phase
• Premenstrual phase
• Menstrual phase

14. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

15. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system consist of a number of sex organs
that play a role in the process of human reproduction

17. MALE HARMONES

19. FORMATION OF SPERMATOZOA
Production of sperm begins at puberty and continues throughout
the adult life. The process of maturation requires few weeks.
At each ejaculation
• 2-4 ml of semen deposited in the vagina
• About 100 million sperms per 1ml of seminal fluid
• It moves at speed of 2-3mm per min.

20. STRUCTURE OF SPERM

21. FUNDAMENTALS OF REPRODUCTION
Gametogenesis:
The process involved in the maturation of the two highly
specialized cells, spermatozoon in male and ovum in female before
they unite to form zygote, is called gametogenesis.

22. SPERMATOGENESIS AND OOGENESIS

23. FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the spermatozoon with
the mature ovum.
Or
The union of egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of
the fallopian tube.

24. FERTILIZATION

25. DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZED OVUM
The fertilized ovum (zygote) continuous its passage through the
fallopian tubes and reaches the uterus in 3-4 days. During this time it undergoes
segmentation or cell division of from blastomeres. The ovum divides into 2,4,6,
and 16 and so on until a mulberry like ball of cell is formed known as the
morula. The division occurs quite slowly, about once in every 12 hours. Gradual
accumulation of fluid in the morula results in the formation of the blastocyst. At
one pole of the blastocyst there is a compact mass of cells, called the inner cell
mass around the outside of it there is a single layer of cells, known as the
trophoblast.

26. DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZED OVUM

27. EMBRYOLOGY
The study of developmental events that occur during the prenatal stage. The
branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their
development.
Embryo:
The developing offspring is termed as embryo until 8 weeks after
implantation during this period all the organs 4 systems of the body all laid down
in rudimentary from which in further and mother grow and mature after 8 weeks
until term the conceptus is know as fetus.

28. • Fertilization
•Cleavage
•Gastrulation Embryogenesis
•Organogenesis
•maturation
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:

29. CLEAVAGE

30. GASTRULATION

31. ORGANOGENESIS

32. THANK YOU