Human anatomy and physiology Reproductive system

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM/ GENITAL
SYSTEM
E.R.20
PREPARED BY
MISS.RUBI S.KHAN
(PRINCIPAL)
DNYANDEEP COLLEGE OF PHARMACY SHITALWADI
RAMTEK

2. INTRODUCTION
Reproduction:- The process by which genetic material is passed from
one generation to another generation and thus maintain the continuation
of species.
Reproductive system is one among the differs system in all, which
maintains the continuation of the generation.
In these primary and secondary organs are considered which are
responsible for the gamete’s production/transformation and
transportation towards particular place where fertilisation and
implantation occurs.
Gonads are the primary reproductive organs which produce the
gametes (egg or ovum), a pair of testes produces sperms in male and
a pair of ovaries produces ovum in females.

3. Anatomy of Male Reproductive system.
Reproductive organ includes
1. Primary sex organs—
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
2. Accessory sex organs.
Seminal vesicles.
Prostate gland.
Urethra.
Penis.
Also classified as,
External genitalia
Scrotum, 1penis, and 1urethra.
Internal genitalia—
2Testis, 2epididymis, 2vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct,
1prostate, Cowper’s gland.

4. SIDE DIAGRAM FRONT DIAGRAM
Male reproductive system

5. Penis- the penis contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of
semen and excretion of urine.It is cylindrical in shape , consist- root of
penis, body of penis, glans penis.
Scrotum- it is supporting structure for testes and consist of loose skin that hangs
for the root of the penis.Externally the scrotum looks like a single pouch of
skin, thin, wrinkled and pigmented.
Testes are ovoid or walnut shaped bodies that are located and suspended in
sac-like structure called scrotum. Testis is enclosed by the three layers
Tunica vasculosa— Innermost covering made up of connective tissue
and it is rich in blood vessels.
 Tunica albuginea— It is the middle covering. It is a dense fibrous
capsule.
Tunica vaginalis— outermost covering formed by mesothelial cells.

6. Each testis has about 200 to 300 lobules.
Pathway for the passage of sperms—
Seminiferous tubules→ rete testis→ vas efferens→ epididymis→ vas
deferens→ ampulla→ ejaculatory duct→ urethra.
Sperm- the process of production of sperm is called as spermatogenesis.
Consist – head , mid piece( body), tail.
Epididymis- It is comma shaped organ about 4cm long. It is consist- head,
body, tail. It is the site for sperm maturation ,store sperm, helps to propel the
sperm.
Vas deferens- 45cm long, it is sore sperm for several months.
Ejaculatory duct- they are located posterior to urinary bladder, 2 cm long, these
eject sperm into urethra before ejaculation.
Urethra- it id common passageway for urine and semen, 20cm long.

7. Prostate gland- it is walnut sized gland, located between the bladder and
penis.prostate lies in front of the rectum.
Bulbourethral gland( cowper’s gland)- it is pea sized pair of exocrine
glands,It is located inferior to the prostate gland, play important role in the
protection of sperm during ejaculation.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process through which spermatogenic/germ cell
undergo the development and transformation and form the spermatozoa or
sperms cell in the testis. It takes 74 days for the formation of sperm from a
primitive germ cell. Spermatogenesis process produce about 300 million
sperm per day.

8. Spermatogenesis occurs in four stages-
1.Stage of proliferation.
2. Stage of growth.
3. Stage of maturation.
4. Stage of transformation.
1.Stage of proliferation— Each spermatogonium contains diploid number
(23 pairs) of chromosomes, In which 22 pairs of autosomal
chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes are one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
In this stage spermatogonia divides by mitosis and increase their number
without any change in the chromosomal number which is called as
primary spermatocyte.

9. 2. Stage of growth— In this stage, the primary spermatocyte grows into a
large cell. Apart from growth, there is no change in spermatocyte during
this stage.
3.Stage of maturation— after completion of full growth cell undergoes
meiotic or maturation division. It occurs into two phases
First phase— During this phase primary spermatocyte divides into
two secondary spermatocytes through meiotic division in that each
secondary spermatocyte receives only the haploid or half the number of
chromosomes. 23 chromosomes include 22 autosomes and a X or a Y
chromosome.
Second phase— During this phase, each secondary spermatocyte
undergoes second meiotic division, resulting in two smaller cells called
spermatids. Each spermatid has haploid number of chromosomes.

10. 4.Stage of transformation— In this stage no further division occurs, and
spermatids get transformed into mature spermatozoa this transformation process
is known as spermiogenesis.
Q. What is semen? Give function.
Semen is fluid ejaculated during intercose from urethra.
It is alkaline with Ph 7.20 to 7.60.
Consist of ,
1. Spermatozoa.
2. A thin lubricating fluid.
3. Mucus secretion through the lining of the gland.
4. It is ability to destroy sevral bacteria.
Functions
Responsible for fertilizing th eggs of the female.

11. Spermatogenesis stages

12. Anatomy of Female Reproductive system.
Female reproductive system also comprises of primary sex organs and
accessory sex organs
1. Primary sex organs— Primary sex organs are a pair of ovaries, which
produce eggs or ova and secrete female sex hormones, the estrogen and
progesterone.
2. Secondary/accessory sex organs— It helps to carrying the ova and
fertilisation.
1. Fallopian tubes.
2. Uterus.
3. Cervix.
4. Vagina (labia majora, labia minora and clitoris).

13. female reproductive system

14. 1. Fallopian tubes— Fallopian tube divided into four parts.
Isthmus— It communicate the uterus.
Ampulla— A lumen/space where commonly fertilisation takes place
Infundibulum— fimbriated part communicate
Fimbriae—It catch the ovum from the abdominal cavity during the ovulation.
2. Uterus/womb— It is pyriform in shaped and dimension about 7.5 cm in
length, 5 cm in breadth, and 2.5 cm in thickness. It is divided into three
portions fundus, body, cervix. Uterus is made up of three layers.
Serous or outer layer
Myometrium or middle muscular layer
Endometrium or inner mucus layer.

15. 3. Cervix— It is the lower constricted part of uterus. It has two orifices.
Internal orifice/supravaginal portion— which communicates with body of
uterus.
External orifice/lower vaginal portion— which communicates with vagina.
4. Vagina— Vagina is a short tubular organ. It is lined by mucus membrane,
which is formed by stratified epithelial cells. Vagina includes-
labia majora.
labia minora.
clitoris.

16. 5. ovary-
Structure of ovary:
One ovary lies on each side of uterus.
Ovary is in close connection with fimbriae of infundibulum.
It is made up of in germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, stroma, ovarian
follicles, Graafian follicle & Corpus luteum.
The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle filled with fluid and is ready for
rupture and release of secondary oocytes.
Remnants of Graafian follicle after release of secondary oocytes is called
Corpus luteum, it produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin.
1. Functions of ovary:
2. To produce and store ovum/egg.
3. To produce hormones that control the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

17. 4.To produce the ovum and secrete female sex hormones like oestrogen and progesterone.
5. Fertilization of ovum.
6. Ovaries carries genetic material.
Diagram of Ovary:

18. Oogenesis.
Oogenesis is the process through which the female gametes going to develops
and transform into ovum. It happens into many stages.
Development of ovum and Graafian follicle

19. Stages of Oogenesis
1. During oogenesis, a diploid oogonium or egg mother cell increases in
size and gets transformed into a diploid primary oocyte.
2. This diploid primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic division i.e.,
meiosis I or reductional division to form two unequal haploid cells.
3. The smaller cell is known as the first polar body, while the larger cell is
known as the secondary oocyte.
4. This secondary oocyte undergoes second meiotic division i.e., meiosis
II or equational division and gives rise to a second polar body and an
ovum. Hence, in the process of oogenesis, a diploid oogonium produces
a single haploid ovum while two or three polar bodies are produced

21. PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Menstrual cycle is defined as the natural cyclic changes occurs in the female life
during the reproductive period.
OR
The series of event that takes place every month.
Menstrual cycle starts after the puberty called menarche (at the age of 12 to 15
years it varies individual to individual).
Menstrual cycle stops/ceases in old age called menopause (at the age 45 to 50
years it also varies individual to individual).
Menstrual cycle is usually 28 days but it varies between 20 to 40 days under the
physiological conditions.

22. Four types of physiological changes happen during the
menstrual cycle
1) Menstrual phase (Bleeding phase) – 4 days
2) 2) Proliferative phase – 9 to 10 days
3) 3) Ovulatory phase – 1 day
4) 4) Secretory phase – about 14 days
1) Menstrual phase (Bleeding phase) – 4 days
• Takes 3-4 days.
• Bleeding through vagina takes place.
• Destruction of endometrium and blood vessels.
• Menstrual flow consists of 50-100 ml Blood, Mucus, Endometrial strips,
WBCs and Unfertilised ovum.
• Indicates failure of fertilisation. Corpus luteum degenerate and sudden
reduction in oestrogen and progesterone.

23. 2) Proliferative phase – 9 to 10 days
• In this phase proliferation of endometrium takes place and it gets renewed in this
period.
• FSH stimulates ovarian follicle, produces oestrogen which causes proliferation
of endometrium.
• Endometrial thickness increases up to 2mm.
• Also known as follicular phase – development and maturation of graafian
follicle. Lasts up to 13th day.
• This phase ends when ovulation occurs and oestrogen production declines.
3) Ovulatory phase – 1 day
• Graafian follicle of one ovary rupture to release ovum.
• Body temp increases.
• Graafian follicle is converted into corpus luteum which increases progesterone.

24. • Increased progesterone level maintains endometrium & helps for implantation.
• Takes place on 14th day.
4) Secretory phase – about 14 days
• Under influence of progesterone secretory glands produce large amount of
mucus.
• There is similar increase in secretion of watery mucus by glands of uterine
tubes & cervical glands of vagina.
Regulation of menstrual cycle—
Regulation of menstrual cycle is a complex process that is carried out by a well
organised hormonal system. Hormone involved in the regulation of menstrual
cycle are-
Hypothalamic hormone (GnRH).
Anterior pituitary hormone (FSH and LH).

25. • If ovum is fertilised, endometrium and corpus luteum remain intact.
• If ovum is not fertilised, degeneration of corpus luteum takes place within 2
weeks.
• Levels of progesterone & oestrogens decrease, that causes menstruation & cycle
continues.
• This phase is most constant part of cycle lasts for 14 days i.e., from 15 to 28 days.
Pregnancy and paturition
Pregnancy: The period of development of foetus inside the uterus.
OR
Pregnancy is the developmental stage of embryo or foetus in the uterine cavity
after fertilisation in the female body.

26. Changes occurs during pregnancy—
During the pregnancy ovulation or ovarian changes does not occurs.
During the pregnancy, due to influenced of the hormone uterus, vagina, cervix,
fallopian tube undergoes changes in the volume, size, glandular nature etc.
Size of the mammary glands increase because of development of new ducts
Pigmentation of nipple and areola occurs.
Foetal growth during Pregnancy—
12 weeks.
Finger and toes are distinct.
Placenta is complete.
Foetal circulation is complete.
Organ system are complete.
16 weeks.
Sex is differentiated.
Heart beat is present.
Nasal septum and palate close.
Rudimentary kidneys secrete urine.
 20 weeks.
Lanugo covers entire body.
Foetal movement felt by the mother.

27.  24 weeks.
Skin appears wrinkled.
Eyebrow and fingernails
develop.
28 weeks.
Skin appears red colour
Pupillary membrane disappears
from eyes.
The foetus has an excellent
chance of survival.
Eyes open and close.
32 weeks.
Eyelids open.
Fingerprint are set.
Vigorous foetal movement occurs.
36 weeks.
Lanugo disappears.
Amniotic fluid decrease.
40 weeks.
Skin is smooth.
Eyes are uniformly slate coloured.
Bones of skull are ossified and
nearly together at sutures.

28. Parturition is the expulsion or delivery of the foetus from the mother body. It
occurs at the end of pregnancy (after 9 month).
The process by which the delivery of foetus occur is called labor. It involves
various activities such as contraction of uterus dilation of cervix and opening of
vaginal canal.
Parturition occurs in three stages,
DILATION STAGE:- It is latent and active phase in this stage the cervix is
fully dilated and viginal canal is open.
EXPULSION STAGE:- In this stage, foetus is delivered out from uterus
through cervix and vaginal canal. This stage lasts for about 1 hour.
PLACENTAL STAGE:- During this stage, the placenta is detached from the
decidua and is expelled out from uterus. It occurs within 10 to 15 minutes after the
delivery of the child.

29. Sign and symptoms
1. Bloated abdomen.
2. Mucus discharge.
3. Feeling restlessness.
4. Labour contraction.
Hormones involved in the process of parturition.
Maternal Hormones
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
Cortisol
Catecholamine
Relaxin
Foetal Hormones.
Oxytocin.
Cortisol.
Prostaglandins
Placental Hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
prostaglandins

30. What is puberty? State physical and physiological changes that occur at
puberty in male and famale.
Puberty starts when changes in your child’s brain cause sex hormones to start
being released from the gonads, which are the ovaries and testes.
OR
Puberty is the time at which the onset of sexual maturity occurs and
reproductive organs become functional.
This typically happens around 10-11 years for girls and around 11-12 years for
boys.
But it’s normal for the start of puberty to range from 8-13 years in girls and 9-
14 years in boys.

31. Changes in puberty include:
physical growth and development inside and outside children’s bodies
changes to children’s sexual organs.
CHANGES IN FEMALE
1. Breasts will start developing.
2. The body shape will change. For example, a girl’s hips will widen.
3. The external genitals (vulva) and pubic hair will start to grow. Pubic hair
will get darker and thicker over time.
4. Hair will start growing under the arms.
5. A clear or white discharge from the vagina starts several months before
periods start.
6. Periods will usually start within 2 years of breast growth starting, but can
take up to 4 years.

32. CHANGES IN MALE
1. Pubic hair will start to grow. It will get darker and thicker over time.
2. child will get taller and their chest and shoulders will get broader.
3. Some parts of your child’s body – like their head, face and hands – might
grow faster than their limbs and torso.
4. Hair will start growing on other parts of your child’s body – under the arms,
on the face and on the rest of the body. Leg and arm hair will thicken.
5. child might start having erections and ejaculating (releasing sperm).
6. The larynx (‘Adam’s apple’ or voice box) will become more obvious
7. child will begin to develop improved self-control and skills in planning,
problem-solving and decision-making.
8. Muscles increase in strength and size during this period.
9. The external genitals (penis, testes and scrotum) will start to grow. It’s
normal for one testis to grow faster than the other.

33. Define menopause
The permanent stoppage of the menstrual cycle in females is called menopause.
It usually starts at the age of 45 years.
The term menopause is commonly used to describe the end of a woman’s
menstrual cycle, fertility, and the different types of changes a woman
experiences.
During menopause, the menstrual cycle, fertility, and the production of estrogen
and progesterone hormones are completely stopped.
This is a natural process in all females and is not related to diseases or
infections.
It is a biological process that brings an end to a woman’s fertility.
In this, breast shrink, sex organ atrophy, sweating, palpitation, disturbed sleep
pattern.