The document summarizes the human reproductive system and development. It describes the production of gametes in males and females and their regulation by hormones. It outlines the key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and explains fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It notes development is controlled by hormones and can be affected by toxins early on. Reproductive technologies are also mentioned.

1. Reproduction and Development

2. Reproductive system Production of sex cells is controlled by hormones In humans Internal fertilization Internal development

3. Gamete Production In females it occurs in the ovaries In males it occurs in the testes It is regulated by hormones

4. Female Reproductive System Ovaries Eggs Estrogen Progesterone Fallopian tubes Site of fertilization Uterus Site of development Cervix and Birth Canal

5. Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymis Vas Deferens Prostate Gland Cowper’s Gland Seminal Vesicles

6. Sperm Head Enzymes DNA Body Mitochondria Tail Locomotion

7. Hormones Testosterone: Development of male secondary sex characteristics Estrogen: Development of female secondary sex characteristics Progesterone: along with estrogen, helps prepare uterine wall for pregnancy. Maintains uterine lining during pregnancy (pregnancy hormone)

8. Hormonal Regulation of Reproduction Hormones regulate the menstrual cycle Estrogen thickens the uterine wall Progesterone maintains that lining

9. Menstrual Cycle Ovulation: Release of the egg Corpus Luteum: Yellow body, temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone Cycle repeats itself every 28 days.

10. Fertilization If sperm are present fertilization will occur in the fallopian tube. Zygote starts to develop and implant itself in the uterine wall. This is controlled by hormones also

11. Early Development Fertilization  Zygote  Embryo (3 rd week to 8 th week)  Fetus (8 weeks to birth)

12. Development Placenta Umbilical cord

13. 6 weeks

14. 4 Months

15. The First Few Months The first few months are most critical Cells differentiate Organs form Toxins from mother can affect development Alcohol Tobacco Drugs

16. Development Continues After birth, cell differentiation and development continues to adulthood. During adulthood, structures age. Organism weakens and dies.

17. Reproductive Technologies Artificial insemination Cloning Cryopreservation Embryo Transfer