The document provides an overview of the human reproductive system, detailing the anatomy and functions of both male and female reproductive organs. It explains the processes of fertilization, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle in human females, highlighting key phases and hormonal influences. Additionally, it includes information about the development of embryos and the role of the placenta during pregnancy.

1. HUMAN
REPRODUCTIV
E SYSTEM

2. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION - REPRODUCTION
2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
3. THEIR FUNCTIONS
4. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
5. THEIR FUNCTIONS
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7. FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
EMBRYO
6. MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN FEMALES

3. INTRODUCTION- REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the process bywhich alivingorganismis able to
produce more of its own kind. Reproduction involves the
transmission of genetic material fromthe parents to the children,
therebyensuringthatcharacteristics notonlyof the species butalso
of the parents, are perpetuated. Livingorganismreproduce in two
ways :
(i.)Asexual reproduction (in lower case plants andanimals)
(ii.)Sexual reproduction (in humans)
The humans reproduce sexually. The reproduction in human can
be studiedin 2 parts:-
1.Reproductive systemin human beings
2.Fertilisation, pregnancyanddevelopmentof the embryo

4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
Side View Front View

5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Male reproductive system consists of the following organs- a
pair of testis, a pair of epididymis, a pair of sperm duct( vas
deferentia), urethra, penis and accessory glands.
1. TESTES:
• Testes are the male gonads. A pair of testes is present in a
human male.
• In the embryonic stage, the testes are contained within
abdomen. They descend down just before birth. Thus, testes
are extra abdominal. These are present in a thin pouch made
up of skin and connective tissue called scrotal sac or scrotum.
• The high temperature of body does not allow maturation of
sperm. Thus, the scrotum acts as thermoregulator and helps
in maintaining temperature at about 2-3 degree celsius lower
than the body temperature for the process of spermatogenia.
• Each testes is encased in a capsule of white fibrous
connective tissue called tunica albuginea.

6. • Each testes has several highly coiled tubules called
seminiferous tubules which are involved in the formation of
spermatozoa. The process of formation of sperm is called
spermatogenesis. The spaces between seminiferous tubules
are called interstitial spaces which consists of Leydig cells
or interstitial cells which secrete male sex hormones,
testosterone.
2. EPIDIDYMIS:
It is a long tube of 6cm in length, that remain attach to the
testis and lies within the scrotal sac. It stores sperm and
serves as a passage for their transport from the testis.
3. VAS DEFERENS (SPERM DUCTS):
Epididymis continues to vas deferens. It enter the
abdominal cavity through inguinal canal. The vas deferens
carries sperm from testes to urethra.
4. URETHRA:
It is a common passage of both semen and urine in case
of males.
5. PENIS:
Male copulatory organ, which when filled with blood
makes it erect. The tip of penis is called as glans penis. It
is covered by a lose retractile skin called Prepuce.
TESTIS
TESTIS

7. 6. ACCESSSORY GLANDS:
There are three accessory glads in males –
a. Seminal vesicle:
The seminal fluid is an alkaline viscous fluid that provides
nourishment to the sperms. Sperms get active when mixed
with seminal fluid.
b. Prostate gland:
It surrounds the upper part of the urethra. It secretes
alkaline fluid which keeps the sperm alive and helps them to
swim vigorously.
c. Cowper’s glands(bulbourethral gland):
These paired glands lie below the prostate gland and join the
urethra at a short distance from that of the prostate gland.
They secrete a white, viscous, alkaline secretion resembling
mucus which acts as a lubricant.
7. SPERM
The sperm consists of head, neck and tail. The head consist
of nucleus and the tip of sperm is covered by a cap like
structure called acrosome which releases an enzyme
hyaluronidase. The middle piece of sperm contains
mitochondria which provide energy for sperm penetration
and sperm movement.
STRUCTURE
OF A SPERM

8. Functions of main reproductive
organs in the human male
Organ Function
Seminiferous tubules Manufacture sperms
Epididymis Stores sperms in a viable but immobile state
Sperm duct (vas
deferens)
Contractions help in the passage of sperms
into urethra during ejaculation.
Seminal vesicles and
prostate gland
Secrete fluid which activates and nourishes
sperms
Urethra Contractions expel semen from penis during
ejaculation.
Penis Contains spongy tissue which, when full of
blood, causes erection and serves as the
copulatory organ.

9. THE COURSE OF SPERMS IN MALE
THE COURSE OF SPERMS IN MALE
Sperms produced in Seminiferous tubules
Sperms pass to efferent ducts through network
of tubules
Vas efferens
Epididymis (sperms are stored here )
Vas deferens ( sperm ducts )
Urethra in penis

10. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Front View
Side View

11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female reproductive system consist of the following
organs- a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina and external genitalia.
1. OVARIES:
A pair of ovoid shaped ovaries lie in the lower part of
abdominal cavity, one on each side of uterus. Each ovary is
attached to the uterus by a mesentery, mesovarium. Ovaries
produce ova and secretes the female sex hormones,
oestrogen and progesterone. The process of maturation of
egg in the ovary
2. UTERUS:
The uterus is a hallow, pear shaped, muscular, thick walled
organ located in the pelvic cavity between urinary bladder
and rectum. Its upper broader portion is called corpus
uteri(body of the womb) and the lower narrow portion is
called cervix uteri(neck of the womb). The innermost wall
of uterus is richly supplied with blood vessels. Cervix is
mainly a sphincter muscle that closes the lower end of the
uterus where it joins the vagina called ogenesis. Normally,
only one egg matures each month in alternate ovary.
HUMAN FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
HUMAN FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

12. 4. VAGINA:
It is a muscular tube where the penis is inserted during
coitus( act of copulation) for the discharge of semen. It
serves as the birth canal during parturition and also
acts as a duct for the passage of uterine secretions and
menstrual flow. The opening of vagina in young girls is
partially closed by a thin muscular membrane called
hymen.
These are two oviducts or fallopian tubes or
uterine tubes in the human female reproductive
system. The funnel shaped end of each oviduct lies
near the ovary and is called infundibulum. It
margin bears finger-like projections called
fimbrae. Each infundibulum continues as a thin
coiled tube oviduct or fallopian tube. Both
fallopian tubes open into the uterus.
3. FALLOPIAN TUBES (OVIDUCTS):
FALLOPIAN TUBE
VAGINA

13. Functions of main reproductive
organs in the human female
Functions of main reproductive
organs in the human female
Organ Function
Ovary Manufacture eggs
Oviduct( or fallopian
tube)
Site of fertilization; conveys fertilized
egg/embryo to the uterus
Uterus Inner lining receives, protects and
nourishes embryo; contractions of muscular
wall expel baby during birth(parturition)
Cervix (neck of the
uterus)
Produces watery mucus which serves as a
lubricant for the penis
Vagina Receives penis during copulation; baby
passes along it during birth
Clitoris (external
organ)
Equivalent to the male penis

14. CHANGES IN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM THAT OCCURS DURING MENSTRUAL
CHANGES IN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM THAT OCCURS DURING MENSTRUAL

15. MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN
FEMALES
In a human female, the fertility period extents from the age of puberty, i.e.
about 12-13 years to menopause, i.e. 45-50 years. The stage of puberty is
marked by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. The onset of
menstruation in a female is called menarche. The permanent stoppage of
menstruation in a female is called menopause. Between puberty and
menopause, the female reproduction system passes through a regular
monthly sequence of events called the menstrual cycle. These events are
controlled by hormones produced by the ovaries and the pituitary gland.
There are four phases of menstrual cycle-
 Menstrual Phase:
The menstrual cycle starts with the menstrual flow, during which the
cellular lining of the uterus, which blood flow, is shed off. This process
continues for 3-5 days. During menstrual phase the ovary starts to form a
new egg in follicle.

16.  Follicular Phase:
From the 5th upto the 13th day of the onset of the menstrual cycle growth and
maturation of the Graafian follicle takes place. Graafian follicle is the final
stage in the maturation of an ovum inside the ovary. The Graafian follicle
produces a hormone, estrogen. This hormone stimulates the uterus to prepare
itself to receive the ovum. The cells lining the uterus grow rapidly and develop
a dense network of blood vessels.
 OvulatoryPhase:
In this phase, ovulation takes place. The Graafian follicle ruptures to release
the ovum. The cells of ruptured follicle form the corpus luteum which secrets
the hormone, progesterone. The release of the ovum from the ovary is called
ovulation.
 Luteal Phase:
If the ovum does not get fertilize by any sperm during ovulatory period then it
starts degenerating. At the end of the 28th day this ovum is rejected along with
the uterine lining. This marks the start of a slow disintegration of the
thickened lining of the uterus and the next menstrual cycle. The empty
Graafian follicle in the ovary turns into corpus luteum.

17. Development of an egg, ovulation,
fertilization $ its implantation
FERTILIZATION- During sexual intercourse, the first step towards
pregnancy, the semen containing sperms is ejaculated in the vagina.
This is known as Copulation.
The spermatozoa are deposited high up in the vagina close to the
cervix..

18.  IMPLANTATION- The zygote immediately begins to divide and
forms a mass of cells called morula. It continues to redivide and
now is called blastocyst. The fixing of morula in the endometrium
wall of uterus is called as implantation and female is said to be
pregnant. Implantation takes place about a week after fertilization.
They reach the top of the fallopian tube within 5 minutes of their
release due to contractions in the walls of uterus and fallopian tube.
The act of fusion of male gamete and female gamete to form zygote is
called fertilization. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
PLACENTA- The developing embryo is
attached to the wall of uterus by an organ
called placenta. Umbilical cord is a tough
structure that serves as the blood vascular
between the foetus and the uterine wall. The
embryo is enclosed in a sac called amnion
which is filled with amniotic fluid.
Structure of
Placenta

19. Development of embryo within
the uterus

20. There is one more layer called chorion that helps in the formation of
embryonic part of placenta. The placenta is formed of finger-like
processes called villi.
FUNCTION OF PLACENTA:-
 Placenta serves as a tissue through which oxygen and food are
supplied from maternal blood to foetus.
 It also transports carbon dioxide and excretory waste from foetal
blood to maternal blood.
 Placenta also produces two hormone-progesterone and estrogen due
to which neither ovulation nor menstruation take place till pregnancy
continues.
 GESTATION- The period of complete development of foetus till birth
of the baby is called Gestation period. It is about of 280 days.

21. Parturition Process

22. Bibilography
I have taken help of the following sites and books to
make my project :
LINKS : 1. https://brainly.in
2. https://wikepedia.org
3. https://www.quora.com
BOOKS :
• Biology Living Science class 10th
IMAGES :
• images.google.com