1. KEY CONCEPT Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places.

2. Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA. Chemicals, computers, and bacteria are used to work with DNA. Scientists use these tools in genetics research and biotechnology.

3. Restriction enzymes cut DNA. Restriction enzymes act as “molecular scissors.” come from various types of bacteria allow scientists to more easily study and manipulate genes cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence called a restriction site

9. only indicate size, not DNA sequence

10. useful in genetic engineering

15. heat is used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules

16. primers bind to each DNA strand on opposite ends of the segment to be copied

18. KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.

19. A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map. DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can by used for identification. based on noncoding regions of DNA noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences number of repeats differs between people banding pattern on a gel is a DNA fingerprint

20. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father) DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match. Many people have thesame number ofrepeats in a certainregion of DNA. The probability that two people share identicalnumbers of repeats inseveral locations isvery small.

23. evidence in criminal cases

24. paternity tests

25. immigration requests

26. studying biodiversity

28. Entire organisms can be cloned. A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.

30. bacteria (binary fission)

31. some plants (from roots)

33. nucleus is removed from an egg cell

35. organs for transplant into humans

36. save endangered species

37. Cloning raises concerns.

38. low success rate

39. clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal

42. plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria

43. restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA

46. gene inserted into plasmid

47. plasmid inserted into bacteria

48. bacteria express the gene

49. Transgenic plants are common in agriculture.

50. transgenic bacteriainfect a plant

51. plant expressesforeign gene

53. transgenic mice used to study development and disease

55. possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods

57. Genomics involves the study of genes, gene functions, and entire genomes. Genomics is the study of genomes. can include the sequencing of the genome comparisons of genomes within and across species

60. analyzed DNA from a few people

62. DMD N Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders. Genetic screening involves the testing of DNA. determines risk of havingor passing on a geneticdisorder used to detect specificgenes or proteins can detect some genesrelated to an increasedrisk of cancer can detect some genesknown to cause geneticdisorders

63. Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes. Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.

65. genetically engineered viruses used to “infect” a patient’s cells

66. insert gene to stimulate immune system to attack cancer cells

68. inserting gene into correct cells

69. controlling gene expression

70. determining effect on other genes