Professional slides

1. CP BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 13

2. 13.1 What is biotechnology?
The use of organisms to
perform practical tasks
for humans

3. 13.1 Biologists Manipulate DNA
 Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of
organisms.
 We called this act of manipulation DNA
technology.

4. 13.1 Bacteria – Commonly used in
Biotechnology
* because they can acquire
new genes in many ways!
1. Tunnel-like structure
forms between 2 bacteria
so DNA can be passed-
Conjugation
2. Transformation –
bacteria can “take up”
free floating DNA into
their own DNA
3. Viruses can carry
bacterial genes from
one bacteria to another-transduction.

5. 13.1 Recombinant DNA
Technology
Definition - technology involving the combining
of DNA and/or genes from different sources
(even genes from different species).
Uses of DNA technology:
1. Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)
2. Make medicine in large quantities
3. Help us understand specifically how gene
sequences work

6. 13.2 Engineering Bacteria
 Bacteria contain plasmids
 Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA
separate from the bacterial chromosome.
 Plasmids carry genes

7. 13.2 Plasmids
 Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make
them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer
plasmids!!
 Example:
1. Insert a gene to make a medicine into a
plasmid
2. Put the plasmid into bacteria
3. When the bacteria reproduce they make many
copies of the medicine!

8. Process of Making Recombinant
Bacterial Cell
Process of Making Recombinant
Bacterial Cell

9. 13.2 How Do They Do It???
1. 1. Cut
 1.  1. 2.  Use rreessttrriiccttiioonn eennzzyymmeess to cut
the desired DNA/gene out of a
larger chromosome
1. Paste
 Put the desired DNA/gene fragment
into a plasmid
1. Put the plasmid into a
bacterium
2. As the bacterium reproduces
it makes many copies of the
desired gene!! (Page 270
Case Study)
Restriction
Enzyme=scisso
rs
Restriction
Enzyme=scisso
rs

10. 13.2
Genomic Library & Nucleic Acid
Probes
 Genomic Library: the
complete collection of cloned
DNA fragments from an
organism
 Nucleic Acid Probe:
complimentary nucleotides
labeled with a radioactive
isotope used to “tag” single
strand of a DNA sequence of
choice.

11. 13.2 FYI: Useful Products Using Genetic
Engineering
1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous
spills and toxic waste sites
2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like
pesticides and therapeutic drugs
3. Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their
milk for people with diabetes
4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop
Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed
produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)

12. 1133..33 GGeenneettiiccaallllyy MMooddiiffiieedd
OOrrggaanniissmmss
 A ggeenneettiiccaallllyy mmooddiiffiieedd oorrggaanniissmm ((GGMMOO)) is any
organism that has acquired any genes
artificially.
 If a species is called TTRRAANNSSGGEENNIICC if it has
foreign genetic material from a different
species.

13. 1133..33 GGeenneettiiccaallllyy MMooddiiffiieedd
PPllaannttss

14. Do you eat genetically modified
organisms?
YES NO

15. JJuusstt aa ffeeww……GGMMOO FFOOOODDSS
Honey
 Cotton
 Tomatoes
Corn
 Vegetable Oil
 Peas
 Potatoes

16. Warm-Up - In Groups…
 ½ the class will use their books to compile a
list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of
using genetically modified organisms (plants
and animals)
 ½ the class will use their books to make a list
of negative or unwanted reasons to use
genetically modified organisms.

17. Here’s what YOU think…

18. 1133..33 GGeenneettiiccaallllyy MMooddiiffiieedd PPllaannttss
 Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were
genetically modified in some way!
 Most common genetic modifications:
 Genes for herbicide resistance
 Genes to resist insect and fungi pests

19. 1133..33 GGeenneettiiccaallllyy MMooddiiffiieedd
AAnniimmaallss
 Goals for GMO animals…
 Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin)
 Get animals to market quicker (salmon)
 Breed animals with better quality products (sheep
wool)
 FUN!! $$$$$$$

20. FFeeww mmoorree
eexxaammpplleess……

21. 1133..33 TThhee GGMMOO CCoonnttrroovveerrssyy
Although studies to date have shown that eating
genetically modified foods have no negative
health affects…people continue to demand
stricter regulations.
MMaajjoorr CCoonncceerrnn::
GMO food can pose unknown health risk…request
strict labeling laws
**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**

22. 1133..33 GGMMOO CCoonnttrroovveerrssyy

23. 13.4 DNA Tech Has Many
APpPCCpRlRic ooarr t PPiooonllyysmmeerraassee
 PPCCRR oorr PPoollyymmeerraassee
CChhaaiinn RReeaaccttiioonn
technique can mass
produce specific
sequences of DNA
without the use of living
cells
 Takes less time than
use of living cells
 Requires less amount
of desired DNA
initially
 Used for cloning rare
Thermocycler-machine
used
for PCR

24. 1133..44 PPCCRR TTeecchhnniiqquuee
“make a lot of DNA” from a small sample
PPaaggee 227788 ffiigguurree 1133--1155

25. 1133..44 GGeell EElleeccttrroopphhoorreessiiss
 Used when you want to compare DNA from
different sources.
 Produces “banding patterns” which can be
compared and analyzed.

26. 13.4 Comparing DNA: How it
works! (Pg 279)
1.Different DNA
samples are cut
into “fragments”
by restriction
enzymes
2.DNA “fragments”
move through gel
using electric current.
2.DNA “fragments”
move through gel
using electric current.
Smaller DNA
fragments
move further
1.Different DNA
samples are cut
into “fragments”
by restriction
enzymes
Each sample
produces different
banding patterns
in the gel so they
are easily
compared
Each sample
produces different
banding patterns
in the gel so they
are easily

27. 13.4 Comparing DNA: Genetic
Markers
 Genetic Markers:
are particular
streches of DN that
are variable among
individuals.
 Can be used to ID
carriers of certain
diseases

28. 1133..44 CCoommppaarriinngg DDNNAA:: DDNNAA
FFiinnggeerrpprriinntt
 Just like every person has their own unique
fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding
pattern produced by their restriction fragments in
gel electrophoresis.
 97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is
extremely different from any other persons “junk”
DNA.
 Forensics!!

29. 1133..44 WWhhoo ccoommmmiitttteedd tthhee ccrriimmee??
Suspect # Bloodstain evidence from crime scene!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Using PCR and Gel
Electrophoresis, a DNA
fingerprint can be made
from a single drop of
blood or from a hair
follicle.
Using PCR and Gel
Electrophoresis, a DNA
fingerprint can be made
from a single drop of
blood or from a hair
follicle.
DNA is extracted from
a small sample and
multiple copies are
made using PCR
DNA is extracted from
a small sample and
multiple copies are
made using PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of
unique genetic markers
are compared
Gel Electrophoresis of
unique genetic markers
are compared

30. 13.5 SStteemm CCeellllss aanndd HHoommeeoottiicc GGeenneess
 Stem cells – cells (early in
development) that remain
undifferentiated and have
the potential to be any type
of cell.
 Homeotic Genes – genes
that control development of
specific locations in
organisms.

31. Cloning
 To make a clone:
 A donor cell is fused with an
egg cell
 The fused cell begins to divide
normally to form an embryo
 Embryo is placed in uterus of
foster mom
 Clone is born

32. Cloning