1. The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, including techniques like recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR, and cloning organisms. 2. Key terms defined include genetic engineering, biotechnology, recombinant DNA, gene cloning, restriction enzymes, and plasmids. 3. Recombinant DNA is made by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and ligating pieces into plasmids, which are then inserted into bacteria.

1. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering AP Biology Chapter 20

4. The DNA is cut using restriction enzymes

6. How do they cut? STICKY ENDS B LUNT ENDS

9. Making recombinant DNA in plasmids

11. Genes can be cloned into vectors such as plasmids

12. Fig. 20-2 DNA of chromosome Cell containing gene of interest Gene inserted into plasmid Plasmid put into bacterial cell Recombinant DNA ( plasmid ) Recombinant bacterium Bacterial chromosome Bacterium Gene of interest Host cell grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the “cloned” gene of interest Plasmid Gene of Interest Protein expressed by gene of interest Basic research and various applications Copies of gene Protein harvested Basic research on gene Basic research on protein Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein dissolves blood clots in heart attack therapy Human growth hor- mone treats stunted growth 2 4 1 3

13. Fig. 20-2a DNA of chromosome Cell containing gene of interest Gene inserted into plasmid Plasmid put into bacterial cell Recombinant DNA (plasmid) Recombinant bacterium Bacterial chromosome Bacterium Gene of interest Plasmid 2 1 2

14. Fig. 20-2b Host cell grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the “cloned” gene of interest Gene of Interest Protein expressed by gene of interest Basic research and various applications Copies of gene Protein harvested Basic research on gene Basic research on protein 4 Recombinant bacterium Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein dissolves blood clots in heart attack therapy Human growth hor- mone treats stunted growth 3

19. The radioactive probe is made by determining a short segment of the protein sequence, then "back translating" to the possible DNA sequences. Short DNA sequences are synthesized to match the protein sequence. Then these DNA oligomers (known as "oligos") are radiolabeled, and applied to the blotted clones. They should hybridize only to clones containing sequence encoding the desired protein.

42. Fig. 20-17 EXPERIMENT Less differ- entiated cell RESULTS Frog embryo Frog egg cell UV Donor nucleus trans- planted Frog tadpole Enucleated egg cell Egg with donor nucleus activated to begin development Fully differ- entiated (intestinal) cell Donor nucleus trans- planted Most develop into tadpoles Most stop developing before tadpole stage

43. Nuclear Transplantation

44. And then Dolly came along in 1997

45. Fig. 20-18 TECHNIQUE Mammary cell donor RESULTS Surrogate mother Nucleus from mammary cell Cultured mammary cells Implanted in uterus of a third sheep Early embryo Nucleus removed Egg cell donor Embryonic development Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically identical to mammary cell donor Egg cell from ovary Cells fused Grown in culture 1 3 3 4 5 6 2

55. Fig. 20-21 Disease-causing allele DNA SNP Normal allele T C

57. Fig. 20-22 Bone marrow Cloned gene Bone marrow cell from patient Insert RNA version of normal allele into retrovirus. Retrovirus capsid Viral RNA Let retrovirus infect bone marrow cells that have been removed from the patient and cultured. Viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome. Inject engineered cells into patient. 1 2 3 4

59. Fig. 20-23

61. Fig. 20-24 This photo shows Earl Washington just before his release in 2001, after 17 years in prison. These and other STR data exonerated Washington and led Tinsley to plead guilty to the murder. (a) Semen on victim Earl Washington Source of sample Kenneth Tinsley STR marker 1 STR marker 2 STR marker 3 (b) 17, 19 16, 18 17, 19 13, 16 12, 12 14, 15 11, 12 13, 16 12, 12

65. Fig. 20-25 Site where restriction enzyme cuts T DNA Plant with new trait Ti plasmid Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA with the gene of interest Recombinant Ti plasmid TECHNIQUE RESULTS