DNA fingerprinting identifies individuals at the molecular level based on noncoding regions of DNA that contain repeating sequences. The number of repeats differs between people and can be used to identify individuals or determine relationships through gel electrophoresis. DNA fingerprinting is used for evidence in criminal cases, paternity tests, immigration requests, and studying biodiversity. Cloning produces genetically identical copies of organisms through techniques like nuclear transfer in mammals. Cloning has potential benefits like organ transplants and saving endangered species but also raises concerns about health, biodiversity, and success rates. Genetic engineering modifies organisms' DNA to give them new traits using recombinant DNA techniques. Transgenic organisms with genes from other species are used in research and agriculture but also provoke concerns about

1. KEY CONCEPT DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.

2. A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map.DNA fingerprints are based on parts of an individual’s DNA that can by used for identification.based on noncoding regions of DNAnoncoding regions have repeating DNA sequencesnumber of repeats differs between peopleGel electrophoresis separates the sequences into “bands”

3. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match.Many people have thesame number ofrepeats in a certainregion of DNA.The probability that two people share identicalnumbers of repeats inseveral locations isvery small.

4. DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways.

5. evidence in criminal cases

6. paternity tests

7. immigration requests

8. studying biodiversity

9. tracking genetically modified cropsKEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

10. Entire organisms can be cloned.A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. If you could clone your favorite pet, would you? Why or why not?

11. Cloning occurs in nature.

12. bacteria (binary fission)

13. some plants (from roots)

14. some simple animals (budding, regeneration)Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.

15. nucleus is removed from a fertilized egg cell

16. nucleus of a somatic cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the eggCloning has potential benefits. Like what?

17. organs for transplant into humans

18. save endangered species

19. Cloning raises concerns. Like what?

20. low success rate

21. clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal

22. decreased biodiversityThinking About It…Would you be in favor of continuing cloning research? What restrictions would you think are necessary?

23. (bacterial DNA)New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA. Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. What genes would you like to incorporate into your favorite pet?Genetic engineering is based on the use of recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism.