1. INTRODUCTION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MBB 1 Lecture 1
Definition of Terms
Historical Timeline
Marilen P. Balolong, 2014
(Adapated from the lectures of AVHallare)
4. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Utilize techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material
(DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and
thus change the phenotype of the host organism
Deal with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from
organisms to produce products and processes useful to
humans
5. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
“Any technological application that uses biological
systems, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products for specific use”
(The UN Convention on Biological Diversity)
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6. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
GENETIC ENGINEERING
The techniques to alter the
chemistry of genetic material
(DNA and RNA), to
introduce these into host
organisms and thus change
the phenotype of the host
organism
www.scienceclarified.com
8. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
EXONUCLEASES & ENDONUCLEASES
Enzymes that remove
nucleotides from the
ends of the DNA
molecule
Enzymes that make cuts at
specific positions within
the DNA molecule
www.fastbleep.com www.fastbleep.com
11. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
ORIGIN OF REPLICATION
(ORI)
A specific DNA sequence which
is responsible for initiating
replication is called origin of
replication
en.wikipedia.org
12. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
PALINDROMIC NUCLEOTIDE
SEQUENCES
The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that
reads same on the two strands when orientation of
reading is kept the same
europeisnotdead.com
www.funnyjunk.com
www.promega.com
16. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
SELECTABLE
MARKER
A gene
e n c o d i n g d e s i r a b l e
information useful in identifying
and eliminating non-transformants
and selectively permitting the
growth of the transformants
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www.isaaa.org
18. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
GENE GUN OR
BIOLISTICS
A method by which
p l a n t
cells are bombarded with
high velocity micro-particles
of gold or tungsten coated
with DNA
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!
naturalnewsblog.blogspot.com
19. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
BIOREACTOR
Vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into
specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial
plant, animal or human cells
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www.iaibiopharma.com
21. 8000-4000 BC MESOPOTAMIA
Humans began
FARMING and animal
DOMESTICATION
Potatoes were first
cultivated for food
“Selective Breeding”
www.world-class-education.org
22. 2000 BC
Biotechnology used to
leaven bread and
ferment beer, using
yeast (Egypt)
Production of cheese,
fermentation of wine
begins (Sumeria, China,
Egypt)
dfwnl.com
27. 1857: PASTEUR AND HIS
CONTRIBUTIONS
Louis Pasteur proposes
that microbes cause
fermentation
He later conducts
experiments that
support the germ
theory of disease
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
28. 1859: CHARLES DARWIN &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Charles Darwin
publishes the theory of
evolution by natural
selection
www.abc.net.au
29. 1865: THE BIRTH OF GENETICS
Gregor Mendel
discovers the laws of
inheritance by studying
flowers in his garden
historiadenuestroperuydelmundo.blogspot.com
32. 1928: THE ANTIBIOTICS ERA
Sir Alexander Fleming
discovers the antibiotic
penicillin by chance
(Penicillium mold kills
bacteria)
1945 Nobel Prize in
Medicine (with Ernst
Boris Chain and Sir
Howard Walter Florey)
www.biografiasyvidas.com
33. 1944: THE GENETIC
INFORMATION IN DNA
DNA is proven to carry
genetic information by
Oswald Avery, Colin
MacLeod and Maclyn
McCarty
fos.cmb.ac.lk
34. 1953: THE DNA MODEL
James Watson and
Francis Crick describe
the double helical
structure of DNA
1962 Nobel Prize in
Medicine or Physiology
(with Maurice Wilkins)
medicine150.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au
35. 1955: INSULIN SEQUENCE
The amino acid
sequence of insulin is
discovered by
Frederick Sanger
www.bio.davidson.edu
36. 1958: THE SICKLE CELL DISEASE
DNA is made in a test
tube for the first time
Sickle cell disease is
shown to occur due to
a change in one amino
acid
www.nhs.uk
37. 1966: THE GENETIC CODE
audioboo.fm
The genetic code for
DNA is cracked
1968 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine
(Marshall Nirenberg,
Robert Holley and Har
Gobind Khorana)
38. 1971: RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Discovery of restriction
enzymes that cut and
splice genetic material
very specifically occurs
This opens the way for
gene cloning
www.simzymes.com
39. 1973-1976: “COPY & PASTE”
Stanley Cohen and
Herbert Boyer perfect
genetic engineering
techniques to cut and
paste DNA using
restriction enzymes (1973)
sees the first expression of
a human gene in bacteria
(1976)
www.businesshistory.com
childofthecornx.livejournal.com
40. 1975: MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
Georges Kohler and Cesar
Milstein develop the
technology to produce
monoclonal antibodies —
highly specific, purified
antibodies derived from only
one clone of cells that
recognize only one antigen
1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine (with Neils Jerne)
iiad.tamu.edu
41. 1981: TRANSGENICS
The first transgenic
animals are produced by
transferring genes from
other animals into mice
The first patent for a
genetically modified
organism is granted —
for bacteria that can
break down crude oil
uvo.nichd.nih.gov
42. 1982: GMO INSULIN
Human insulin
produced in genetically
modified bacteria is the
first biotech drug
approved by the FDA
www.sedico.net
www.wonderwhizkids.com
43. 1983: PHOTOX MY GENES
The polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
technique, which makes
unlimited copies of
genes and gene
fragments, is conceived
1993 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry (Kary Mullis)
smkx.bzu.edu.cn
44. 1986: RECOMBINANT VACCINE
& ANTI-CA DRUGS
First recombinant
vaccine is approved for
human use: hepatitis B
First anti-cancer drug is
produced through
biotech: interferon
www.freewtc.com
www.ecvv.com
45. 1987-1994: GMO CROPS
First approval for field
tests of a genetically
modified food plant:
virus- resistant
tomatoes
Genetically modified
tomatoes are sold in the
U.S. for the first time
(1994)
www.genengnews.com
46. 1990-2002: THE HUMAN
GENOME PROJECT
an international effort
to maps all of the genes
in the human genome
is launched (1990)
draft version of the
human genome is
published (2002)
bioethics.georgetown.edu
48. 1998: STEM CELLS
Human embryonic
stem cell lines are
established
offer hope to many
because they may be
able to replace
diseased or
dysfunctional cells
49. 2003: THE SEQUENCING OF
SARS
SARS (severe acute
respiratory syndrome)
virus is sequenced
three weeks after its
discovery
news.bbc.co.uk
51. 2006: HPV VACCINE
A recombinant vaccine
against human
papillomavirus (HPV)
receives FDA approval
The virus causes genital
warts and can cause
cervical cancer
powerpointparadise.com
