The document discusses several key concepts about animal behavior including: 1. Behavior allows organisms to respond adaptively to their environment through behaviors triggered by internal and external stimuli. 2. Behaviors can be innate or learned, with many having both innate and learned components. Learned behaviors include habituation, imprinting, imitation, and classical and operant conditioning. 3. All behaviors have costs and benefits, and natural selection favors behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs, allowing animals to better adapt to their environment.

1. KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment.

2. Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive. Detecting and responding to stimuli is key to an individual’s survival. Internal stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own body. hunger thirst pain

3. External stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings. sound sight changes in day length or temperature

4. Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information. information is transferred to the nervous system nervous system may activate other systems in response Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis.

5. Kinesis and taxis are two types of movement-related behaviors. Kinesis is an increase in random movement. Taxis is movement in a particular direction.

6. Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors. Most behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli. External stimuli may trigger internal stimuli. Green anole reproductive behavior is triggered by internal and external stimuli.

7. Some behaviors occur in cycles. A circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of activity. occurs over 24-hour period run by a biological clock

8. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.

9. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another. During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.

10. KEY CONCEPT Both genes and environment affect an animal’s behavior.

11. Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli. An instinct is a complex inborn behavior. Instinctive behaviors share several characteristics. innate, or performed correctly the first time relatively inflexible

12. releaser is a simple signal: touch, sight, sound, scent herring gulls chicks and red dot releaser environmental factors can affect innate behaviors Many innate behaviors are triggered by a releaser.

13. Many behaviors have both innate and learned components. Learning takes many forms. Habituation occurs when an animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus. Imprinting is a rapid and irreversible learning process. critical period Konrad Lorenz and graylag geese

14. In imitation, animals learn by observing the behaviors of others. young male songbirds learn songs by listening to adult males snow monkeys and potato-washing behavior

15. Learning is adaptive. Animals that can learn can better adapt to new situations. In associative learning, a specific action is associated with its consequences. Conditioning is one type of associative learning.

16. There are two types of conditioning. Classical conditioning: previously neutral stimulus associated with behavior triggered by different stimulus Ivan Pavlov and salivating dog

17. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning: behavior increased or decreased by positive or negative reinforcement B.F. Skinner and “Skinner boxes”

18. KEY CONCEPT Every behavior has costs and benefits.

19. Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs. The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship and reproduction rates. both increase an individual’s fitness both have costs

20. Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories. energy costs opportunity costs risk costs

21. Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs. Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness. Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area. benefits: control resources costs: energy and time

22. Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost. benefits: amount of energy gained costs: energy used to search for, catch, and eat food; risk of capture; time

23. KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group.

24. Living in groups also has benefits and costs. Social behaviors evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs. benefits: improved foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced chance of predation costs: increased visibility, competition, disease contraction Group living requires learning social structure and membership.

25. Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species. Animals use communication to keep in contact. visual sound touch chemical

26. Courtship displays are used to evaluate the fitness of a potential mate. Defensive behaviors are used to protect the individual and/or the group.

27. Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them. There are many types of helpful social behavior. cooperation reciprocity altruism

28. In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group. inclusive fitness kin selection

29. Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism. Eusocial species live in large groups of mostly nonreproductive individuals. haplodiploid species: social insects (wasps, bees, ants) Queen Minor worker Major worker diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection.

30. KEY CONCEPT Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities.

31. Animal intelligence is difficult to define. Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning. Other factors affecting an animal’s behavior may seem like cognition. awareness ability to judge ability to solve complex problems

32. Some animals can solve problems. Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error. observed in primates, dolphins, and corvids chimpanzee retrieving hanging bananas

33. Tool use helps an animal accomplish a task. some dolphins use sponges to protect and hunt crows and chimpanzees make probing sticks capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack nuts

34. Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups. Intelligence in animals seems to be correlated with two characteristics. relatively large brains for their body size live in complex social groups

35. Cultural behavior spreads through a population by learning, not by selection. taught to one generation by another aided by living in close proximity