The document provides an overview of the Human Genome Project (HGP). It describes the HGP's goal of mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. The HGP was an international research effort that worked alongside a private company, Celera Genomics, to complete a rough draft of the human genome by 2000. The completion of the HGP marked a major scientific achievement and has transformed fields like medicine, biotechnology, and genetics by providing a comprehensive map of the human genetic code.
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
HGP was conceived in 1984 & officially begun in earnest in October 1990.
HGP is a large multicentric, international collaborative venture, the main aim of which is to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome.
In 1997, United States established the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
The HGP was an international research groups from six countries- USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan and China, & several laboratories and a large no. of scientists and technicians from various disciplines.
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Genomic sequencing a sub-disciplinary branch of genetics and difference between the two sequencers used to sequence the genome basically automated sequencer and fluorescence sequencers and its applications.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
The project was a great success, delivering the first rough draft human genome sequence in 2000 and the final high-quality version in April, 2003, ahead of schedule and under budget. For years, many considered the Human Genome Project to be biology's equivalent to "Man on the moon". This slide tends to explain the benefits of such project to medical diagnosis, treatment and management in India.
HGP was conceived in 1984 & officially begun in earnest in October 1990.
HGP is a large multicentric, international collaborative venture, the main aim of which is to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome.
In 1997, United States established the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
The HGP was an international research groups from six countries- USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan and China, & several laboratories and a large no. of scientists and technicians from various disciplines.
Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
Genomic sequencing a sub-disciplinary branch of genetics and difference between the two sequencers used to sequence the genome basically automated sequencer and fluorescence sequencers and its applications.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
The project was a great success, delivering the first rough draft human genome sequence in 2000 and the final high-quality version in April, 2003, ahead of schedule and under budget. For years, many considered the Human Genome Project to be biology's equivalent to "Man on the moon". This slide tends to explain the benefits of such project to medical diagnosis, treatment and management in India.
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
Next Generation Sequencing and its Applications in Medical Research - Frances...Sri Ambati
The so-called “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) technologies allows us, in a short time and in parallel, to sequence massive amounts of DNA, overcoming the limitations of the original Sanger sequencing methods used to sequence the first human genome. NGS technologies have had an enormous impact on biomedical research within a short time frame. This talk will give an overview of these applications with specific examples from Mendelian genomics and cancer research. #h2ony
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3. GENOME
The hereditary material of all multi-cellular
organisms is the famous double helix of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains all of
our genes.
4. All our genes together are known as
“GENOME”.
The entire genetic makeup
of the human cell nucleus.
6. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the
international, collaborative research program
whose goal was the complete mapping and
understanding of all the genes of human
beings.
Genes carry the information for making all of the
proteins required by the body for growth and
maintenance.
Made up of ~35,000-50,000 genes which code
for functional proteins in the body.
7. GOAL OF HGP
Identify all of the genes in human DNA.
Determine the sequence of the 3 billion
chemical nucleotide bases that make up
human DNA.
Store this information in data bases.
Develop faster, more efficient sequencing
technologies.
8. GOAL OF HGP :
Develop tools for data analysis.
Address the ethical, legal, and social
issues (ELSI) associated with the project.
9. Two Different Groups W orked to Obtain
the DNA Sequence of the Human
Genome
The HGP is a multinational consortium
established by government research
agencies and funded publicly.
Celera Genomics is a private company
whose former CEO, J. Craig Venter, ran
an independent sequencing project.
June 6, 2000, the HGP and Celera
Genomics held a joint press conference to
announce that TOGETHER they had
completed ~97% of the human genome.
10. PUBLICATION
The International Human Genome Sequencing
Consortium published their results in Nature,
409 (6822): 860-921, 2001.
“Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human
Genome”
Celera Genomics published their results in
Science, Vol 291(5507): 1304-1351, 2001.
“The Sequence of the Human Genome”
12. STRATEGY INVOLVED
This is regarded as the most ambitious project
ever undertaken by man.
Strategy may be grouped into following three
stages:
i) Mapping
ii) Sequencing
iii) Functional analysis
13. MAPPING
The first major goal of the project is to prepare
high resolution or saturated genetic and
physical maps of human genome.
Molecular markers have been used to produce
maps of all the human chromosome.
By August 2000, over 9,300 markers had been
mapped to particular chromosome. Therefore,
any new DNA sequence (i.e., an additional
marker) can be easily linked with these
markers.
14. SEQUENCING
Determination of precise order of nucleotide in
DNA.
There are following techniques for the DNA
sequencing:
i) Chain termination method By F.Sanger & A.
R. Coulson
ii) Chemical degradation method By A.
Maxam & W. Gilbert
iii) Automated DNA sequencing
15. CHAIN TERMINATION
METHOD
Nucleotide analogs (called dideoxynucleotides
or ddNTP) are incorporated into DNA during its
synthesis together with normal nucleotides
(called deoxynucleotides or dNTP).
When a ddNTP is inserted, the reaction stops =
chain termination.
Four different reactions are performed.
Each reaction contains either ddA, ddG, ddC, or
ddT.
Autoradiography enable analysis of different
fragment lengths which correspond to different
16.
17. CHEMICAL DEGRADATION
METHOD
Double stranded DNA fragment to be sequenced is
first labeled by attaching a radioactive phosphorous
group to the 5’end of each strand.
DMSO then added and the sample heated to 90°C,
degraded sample is allowed for GE.
One strand is purified from gel & divided into foru
sample each of which is treated with one of the
CLEAVAGE REAGENT.
The first set of reagent to be added cause a chemical
modification in the nucleotide for which they are
specific, making the strand susceptible to cleavage at
that nucleotide when an additional chemical is added.
18.
19. AUTOMATED DNA
SEQUENCING
This is carried out in the same way as the
chain termination method with only one
difference.
Here we use FLUORESCENT LABELS to
label the strand instead of radioactive label.
These labels are usually attached to the
ddNTP so each chain terminated molecule
carries a single label at its 3’end.
Different fluorochrome can be used for four
different ddNTP.
20.
21. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
The ultimate objective of the HGPis to
decipher the function of each of the genes
estimated to be present in the human
genome.
23. MICROBIAL GENOME
Ha e m o p hilus influe nz a e
Es c he ric hia c o li
Ba c illus s ubtilus
He lic o ba c te r p y lo ri
Stre p to c o c c us p ne um o nia e
AND MANY MORE !
28. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
spend between 3-5% of their annual HGP
budgets toward studying the ELSI
associated with availability of genetic
information.
This budget is the world’s largest
bioethics program, and has become a
worldwide model.
29. EXAMPLE OF ELSI
Privacy legislation
Gene testing
Patenting
Forensics
Behavioral Genetics
Genetics in the Courtroom
30. Who should have access to this information ?
Employers
Insurers
Schools
Courts
Adoption agencies
Military
31. How is privacy and confidentiality managed ?
Affects on society’s perceptions and
expectations of the individual
Who owns genes and DNA sequences ?
The person (or company) who discovered it,
or the person whose body it came from?
Should genetic information be the property
of humanity?
Is it ethical to charge someone for access to
a database of genetic information?
33. MEDICINE
Improvements in diagnostic
and therapeutic applications
Implementation of
preventative measures.
Increases in gene therapy
applications.
34. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Production of useful protein products for use
in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and
pharmaceutical industries.
Antibiotics
Protein replacement (factor VIII, TPA,
streptokinase, insulin, interferon…)
BT insecticide toxin (from Ba c illus
thuring ie ns is )
Herbicide resistance (glyphosate resistance)
Bioengineered foods [e.g. Flavr Savr tomato
(antisense – polygalacturonase) to delay
rotting]
35. BIOINFORMATICS
The newest, fastest growing specialty in
the life sciences that integrates
biotechnology and computer science.
Involved in DNA sequence assembly
and analysis using computer-based
techniques to determine gene function,
regulation and control.
Unknown gene sequences can be
compared to databases of known genes
to enable similarities to lead to
determination of an unknown gene’s
36. PROTEOMICS
Investigates patterns and levels of
gene expression in diseased cells
that can be analyzed to build
databases of expression profiles.
37. PHARMACOGENOMICS
Investigates SNPs and DNA
mutations associated with
disease susceptibility and drug
sensitivities.
39. EVOLUTIONARY AND
COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
Because DNA mutates at a
constant rate, comparisons of
DNA between different
organisms can provide
evolutionary histories.
40. SUMMARY
The significance of the completion of the
human genome project cannot be
overstated.
With the dictionary of the genome
available, the molecular mechanisms of
human health and disease will be
resolved.
Armed with this knowledge a
transformation in medical diagnostics and
therapy is underway and will continue into
the next few decades.
41. REFERENCES
Cook-Deegan R (1989). "The Alta Summit, December 1984". G e no m ic s 5:
661–3.
Barnhart, Benjamin J. (1989). "DOE Human Genome Program". Hum a n
G e no m e Qua rte rly 1: 1. Retrieved 2005-02-03.
DeLisi, Charles (2001). "Genomes: 15 Years Later A Perspective by
Charles DeLisi, HGP Pioneer". Hum a n G e no m e N ws 11: 3–4. Retrieved
e
2005-02-03.
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial
sequencing and analysis of the human genome." (PDF). N ture 409: 860–
a
921.
Venter, JC, et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome."
(PDF). Sc ie nc e 291: 1304–1351.
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, e t a l. (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence
of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". N ture 265 (5596): 687–95.
a
Waterston RH, Lander ES, Sulston JE (2003). "More on the sequencing of
the human genome". Pro c N tl A a d Sc i U S A 100: 3022–4.
a c .