The document discusses key characteristics of amniotes such as reptiles, birds, and mammals. Amniotes develop in amniotic sacs that provide fluid and nutrients to the growing embryo. This allows for reproduction on land. Amniotes have two circulatory systems - pulmonary and systemic - as well as three- or four-chambered hearts depending on whether they are reptiles or birds and mammals. The document then covers anatomical and physiological adaptations of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

1. KEY CONCEPT Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.

2. Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac. The amniotic sac contains everything an embryo needs to grow. some develop inside mother’s body some develop inside a tough, semipermeable shell

3. The amniotic egg allowed vertebrates to reproduce on land. Embryo Allantois Holds waste materials as the embryo grows Yolk sac Contains the nutrient supply for the growing embryo Amnion Protects and surrounds the embryo Chorion Allows gas exchange with outside environment

4. Anatomy and circulation differ among amniotes. Other amniotes, including dinosaurs, evolved a more upright stance. The first animals walked in a sprawl.

5. All amniotes have two circuits of blood vessels. pulmonary circuit moves blood from the heart to the lungs systemic circuit moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body

6. Amniotes have a three- or four-chambered heart. reptiles hearts have three chambers birds and mammals hearts have four chambers THREE-CHAMBERED HEART FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART

7. Amniotes can be ectothermic or endothermic. Amniotes manage body heat in different ways. Ectotherms have body temperatures determined by the surrounding environment. Endotherms use metabolic heat to keep tissues warm. Endotherms can live in a wider range of climates than ectotherms.

8. KEY CONCEPT Reptiles were the first amniotes.

9. Reptiles are a diverse group of amniotes. Reptiles share several characteristics. ectotherms covered with dry scales reproduce by laying or retaining amniotic eggs three-chambered heart cloaca

10. Reptiles have two reproductive strategies. Oviparous reptiles deposit eggs into an external nest. Viviparous reptiles retain eggs and give birth to live offspring.

11. Reptiles have been evolving for millions of years. Over time, amniotes evolved into three different groups. synapsids anapsids diapsids

12. The diversity of ancient reptiles led to the evolution of modern reptiles, birds, and mammals.

13. There are four modern groups of reptiles. Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins are the remaining anapsids. bony shell encases body 200 species

14. Sphenodonts are closely related to lizards. diapsids primitive characteristics two species

15. Snakes and lizards are very closely related and share a number of features. diapsids shed skin at regular intervals flexible skull Jacobson’s organ brain tongue Jacobson’s organ

16. Crocodilians are more closely related to birds than other diapsids. diapsids semi-aquatic predators 23 species

17. KEY CONCEPT Birds have many adaptations for flight.

18. Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. Birds and many theropods share anatomical features. hollow bones fused collarbones that form V-shaped wishbone rearranged muscles in the hips and legs “ hands” that have lost their fourth and fifth fingers feathers

19. The oldest undisputed fossilized bird is Archaeopteryx .

20. A bird’s body is specialized for flight. Birds have several unique features that allow them to fly. wings to produce flight strong flight muscles to move the wings active metabolism that provides energy to the muscles hollow bone structure to minimize weight gonads active during only part of year small intestine large intestine lung gizzard kidney cloaca crop sternum (keel) heart liver pectoral muscle

21. Wings are structures that enable birds to fly. airfoil shape covered with feathers

22. Air sacs help a bird meet its oxygen demand during flight.

23. Birds have spread to many ecological niches. The shape of a bird’s wing reflects the way it flies. short and broad long and narrow

24. wide and broad The shape of a bird’s wing reflects the way it flies. stout and tapered small intestine large intestine lung gizzard kidney cloaca crop sternum (keel) heart liver pectoral muscle

25. Differences in the shape of a bird’s beak reflects how it eats. spearlike hooked chisel-shaped blue-footed booby green woodpecker Bald eagle

26. Birds show great diversity in their foot shape. webbed heavy claws different toe location blue-footed booby bald eagle green woodpecker

27. KEY CONCEPT Evolutionary adaptations allowed mammals to succeed dinosaurs as a dominant terrestrial vertebrate.

28. All mammals share several common characteristics. Mammals are active, large-brained, endotherms with complex social, feeding, and reproductive behaviors.

29. All mammals share four anatomical characteristics. hair to retain heat mammary glands to produce milk

30. a middle ear with three bones to hear higher-pitched sounds chewing jaw to break up food quicker All mammals share four anatomical characteristics.

31. A set of adaptations in the mammalian jaw makes chewing possible. secondary palate closes off air passages muscles move jaw side-to-side

32. Modern mammals are divided into three main groups. Monotremes lay eggs. duck-billed platypus echidna

33. Marsupials give birth to live young that grow to maturity inside a pouch. opossum kangaroo wombat koala

34. Eutherians give birth to live young that have completed fetal development. most familiar mammals humans Eutherians filled many niches after the extinction of the dinosaurs.