Unit 2 The Chemistry Of Life
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Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life and come in three main structures: straight chains, branched chains, and rings. The four main types of carbon-based molecules in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches. Lipids include fats, oils, and cholesterol and have many functions like energy storage. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and have different shapes that influence their functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and perform roles like storing genetic information.
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- Endosymbiosis, where cellular structures like mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from internalized bacteria, may explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
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This document discusses several key concepts in genetics including:
- How genes located on chromosomes can affect traits and their expression.
- The differences between autosomal and sex-linked genes, and how they are inherited.
- How factors like incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits, and environment can influence phenotypes.
- How gene mapping using linkage and crossover frequencies can determine the relative locations of genes on chromosomes.
- Various methods used to study human genetics, including analyzing pedigrees and karyotypes.
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1. Behavior allows organisms to respond adaptively to their environment through behaviors triggered by internal and external stimuli.
2. Behaviors can be innate or learned, with many having both innate and learned components. Learned behaviors include habituation, imprinting, imitation, and classical and operant conditioning.
3. All behaviors have costs and benefits, and natural selection favors behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs, allowing animals to better adapt to their environment.
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The female and male reproductive systems fully develop during puberty under the influence of hormones. Their main functions are to produce egg and sperm cells and support pregnancy. The menstrual cycle regulates egg production in females until menopause. Fertilization occurs when a sperm joins an egg to form a zygote. The zygote implants in the uterus and develops through embryonic stages into a fetus over 38 weeks of pregnancy, affecting both mother and fetus.
Unit 1 Introduction To The Study Of Life
Biology is the scientific study of life. The biosphere includes all living things and environments on Earth. It contains incredible biodiversity that generally increases closer to the equator. A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce, and there are over 2 million identified species. All organisms share characteristics like being made of cells and needing energy. Unifying themes in biology show how different levels of life are connected through systems and how structure and function are related. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive. Evolution accounts for both the diversity and unity among living things over time through natural selection. Science involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing ideas through experiments to gather evidence and understand phenomena.
Unit 31 Immune System
Germ theory proposes that microorganisms cause diseases. Germs such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can enter the body through direct or indirect contact and cause illness. The immune system consists of organs, cells and molecules that fight infections through nonspecific responses like inflammation and fever, as well as specific responses that target particular pathogens. Vaccines produce immunity by artificially inducing the immune system to recognize antigens from a pathogen.
Unit 13b Origin of life
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth, including:
- The nebula hypothesis that the solar system formed from a condensing cloud of gas and debris.
- Experiments showing amino acids can form from simple gases through processes like Miller-Urey.
- Early cells may have formed within iron-sulfide bubble compartments or from lipid membranes enclosing organic molecules.
- Endosymbiosis, where cellular structures like mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from internalized bacteria, may explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Unit 3 Cell Membranes, Diffusion, And Osmosis
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. A cell wall provides rigid support, while chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers and have two main functions - forming a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell, and controlling the passage of materials.
Materials move across membranes through passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, moving down concentration gradients without cell energy input. Some molecules require transport proteins to cross membranes.
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As the human population grows, demand for Earth's resources increases and puts pressure on renewable and nonrenewable resources. Technological advances have helped increase Earth's carrying capacity by supporting agriculture and medicine. However, fossil fuel emissions contribute to pollution and climate change, affecting the biosphere. Air pollution from fossil fuels can harm human health and the environment through effects like smog, acid rain, and the greenhouse effect. Pollution also threatens freshwater ecosystems and enters the food chain through biomagnification.
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1. Meiosis results in haploid cells through two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. During the first division, homologous chromosomes separate. The second division separates sister chromatids.
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3. Independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over during meiosis increase genetic diversity by creating new combinations of genes in offspring.
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The kingdom Protista is extremely diverse and contains eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike. Animal-like protists are often single-celled heterotrophs that feed on other organisms, while plantlike protists, like algae, conduct photosynthesis. Funguslike protists decompose dead organic matter. Protists play important roles in ecosystems and some can cause serious diseases.
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Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. An electric current is produced when an outside force causes electrons to break free from atoms and flow from one atom to the next through a material. There are two types of electric current: direct current (DC), which flows in one direction, and alternating current (AC), which regularly changes direction. Electric circuits allow electric current to flow in a complete, unbroken path through components like wires, batteries, and devices.
Unit 26 Amniotes
The document discusses key characteristics of amniotes such as reptiles, birds, and mammals. Amniotes develop in amniotic sacs that provide fluid and nutrients to the growing embryo. This allows for reproduction on land. Amniotes have two circulatory systems - pulmonary and systemic - as well as three- or four-chambered hearts depending on whether they are reptiles or birds and mammals. The document then covers anatomical and physiological adaptations of reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Unit 7 Chromosomes And Phenotype
This document discusses several key concepts in genetics including:
- How genes located on chromosomes can affect traits and their expression.
- The differences between autosomal and sex-linked genes, and how they are inherited.
- How factors like incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits, and environment can influence phenotypes.
- How gene mapping using linkage and crossover frequencies can determine the relative locations of genes on chromosomes.
- Various methods used to study human genetics, including analyzing pedigrees and karyotypes.
Unit 21 Diversity Of Plants
1) Plants evolved adaptations that allowed them to thrive on land, such as a cuticle and stomata to retain water and a vascular system to transport resources.
2) Seed plants like angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce using pollen and seeds, which allowed reproduction without free-standing water.
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Unit 8 Dna Replication And Transcription
DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series of experiments. Griffith found that a transforming principle in dead bacteria could make live bacteria deadly. Avery purified this principle and identified it as DNA through chemical and enzyme tests. Hershey and Chase showed that viral DNA, not proteins, entered bacteria during infection. Watson and Crick determined that DNA is a double helix with nucleotides pairing according to base pairing rules. DNA replication copies genetic information by unwinding the DNA helix and using it as a template to produce two identical DNA molecules. Transcription produces RNA copies of genes which then direct protein production.
Unit 29 Endocrine System
The nervous system and endocrine system communicate between organ systems to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system works quickly using electrical and chemical signals, while the endocrine system works more slowly using chemical signals through the bloodstream. Neurons are specialized cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals through their dendrites, cell body, and axon. The senses detect internal and external stimuli which are transmitted by the nervous system. The central nervous system interprets this information and communicates with the peripheral nervous system to stimulate responses. The endocrine system produces hormones that influence cells and affect growth, development, and other processes through chemical messengers in the bloodstream.
Unit 9 Dna Translation And Mutation
Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides through the use of codons, anticodons, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomes. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. The ribosome helps form a polypeptide bond between amino acids specified by mRNA codons. Gene expression is regulated at transcription and RNA processing in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype and can occur through replication errors, mutagens like UV rays, or during chromosomal crossover.
Unit 17b Domains and kingdoms
Molecular clocks use mutation rates in DNA to estimate evolutionary time between species. Different molecules, like mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA, mutate at different rates and are useful for studying closely or distantly related species. As scientific understanding advanced, the classification of life changed from two kingdoms to the current three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Example
Chapter 3
This document discusses macromolecules and their structure and function. It focuses on proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and their structure ranges from primary to quaternary levels. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Lipids are nonpolar and include triglycerides, fatty acids, and phospholipids that form cell membranes. The document explains the structure and properties of these macromolecules.
Ch3-BioMolecules.ppt
1. The document discusses the basic biological molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes how each is made up of smaller monomer units that bond together to form larger polymers.
2. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch and cellulose. Lipids include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides.
3. These molecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in organisms like energy storage, structure, catalysis and information transfer.
BIOMOLECULES.pptx
Biomolecules are organic or inorganic chemicals found in living organisms. Organic biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides are formed by polymerization of monomers like amino acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Nucleic acids contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. Enzymes are protein biomolecules that catalyze metabolic reactions without being consumed. They have optimal pH, temperature, and substrate concentrations for maximum activity.
Biochem 2: Organic Macromolecules
Soap disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water molecules by attaching to the nonpolar portions of molecules. Carbohydrates refer to sugars and starches. The document discusses the 4 main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains how they are formed through polymerization reactions and provides examples of each type.
Structure And Function Of Macromolecules1
Macromolecules are polymers formed from monomers through dehydration or condensation reactions. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules. Carbohydrates include simple sugars and complex polysaccharides used for energy storage and structural support. Proteins are polymers of amino acids with primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure determining their function. Lipids are nonpolar hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, and steroids that serve roles in energy storage, insulation, and cell membranes. Nucleic acids like DNA are composed of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base components that determine their information-storing roles.
Structure And Function Of Macromolecules1
Macromolecules are polymers formed from monomers through dehydration or condensation reactions. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are major macromolecules. Carbohydrates include simple sugars and complex polysaccharides used for energy storage and structure. Proteins are polymers of amino acids with four levels of structure determining their function. Lipids are nonpolar and include fats, oils, and phospholipids that serve structural and energy roles. Nucleic acids like DNA are composed of nucleotides with phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base components.
Cells
Carbon compounds are the primary components of living things. There are four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are a key energy source. Lipids include fats and phospholipids and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins have many functions including enzymes, structure, and transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and aid in protein production. ATP temporarily stores energy to power cellular functions.
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More from Olympus High School - Jeff Taylor
Group project
Students will collect data on leaf color changes in Washington to determine when peak color occurs in different locations and under various conditions. They will record the town, date of peak color, elevation, and any weather events. After analyzing the compiled class data, students will develop a hypothesis about factors influencing color change and email a summary. Finally, they will design an experiment to test their hypothesis in future years.
SDS Episode2 - The Habitat Requirements of Pacific Northwest Bats
This document summarizes research on the habitat use and roosting preferences of long-legged myotis bats in Pacific Northwest forests. The researcher captured bats at caves and water sources, attached radio transmitters, and tracked them to their daytime roosts, finding that they used trees not caves. Analysis showed the bats preferred late-successional forests with large grand fir snags for roosting. The researcher concludes forest management should leave snags and some late-successional forest patches for bat species like the long-legged myotis.
SDS Episode1 - The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
How do sedimentary rocks form?
Let's travel through the canyon country of Utah and Arizona to find out.
SDS Episode 3 - Sky Islands; Life Above The Trees
Learn about Sky Islands and the challenges trees and plants face at high elevations. Snow, wind, cold, aridity, UV light all impact treeline, as well as, provide opportunities for forests to grow in an otherwise desert landscape.
The Azolla Event
- Around 50 million years ago, the Arctic region was a warm temperate forest rather than today's frozen landscape. This was due to much higher CO2 levels during a period known as the Eocene hothouse.
- A tiny aquatic fern called Azolla that grew in the Arctic's freshwater lakes and rivers is theorized to have caused global cooling. Azolla absorbed large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere, eventually storing it in peat deposits on the lake and sea floors.
- Within 800,000 years of the "Azolla Event", CO2 levels dropped by over 75%, Antarctic ice sheets formed, and global temperatures declined, marking the transition to today's cooler "Icehouse Earth" climate
Unit 10 natural selection
The document discusses key concepts and evidence related to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin observed adaptations in species on the Galapagos Islands and how this insight, combined with evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology and anatomy, led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Natural selection acts on inherited variation in traits, with those conferring greater fitness being passed on to more offspring over generations of descent with modification.
Unit 11 evolution of populations
Paleontology, genetics, and molecular evidence all support evolution through fossils, DNA and protein comparisons. Genetic variation within populations increases the chances of survival and comes from mutation, recombination and hybridization. Natural selection can act on populations in three ways - directional selection favors one phenotype extreme, stabilizing selection favors intermediate phenotypes, and disruptive selection favors both extremes.
The facts about plastic bags
Between 500 billion and 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide each year, with less than 1% being recycled. It costs more to recycle a bag than to produce a new one. Plastic bags end up polluting oceans and landscapes, harming wildlife that ingest them. Over 200 species are known to die from plastic bag ingestion or entanglement. Banning plastic bags, using reusable bags, and implementing bag taxes or fees have helped reduce plastic bag consumption in many countries around the world.
Unit 17a Scientific Classification
The document discusses taxonomy and classification systems. It describes how Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships and uses evidence from living species, fossils, and molecular data. Cladistics is a common method to classify organisms based on shared ancestry, placing species in evolutionary trees based on which share a more recent common ancestor.
Unit 18a DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering
DNA fingerprinting identifies individuals at the molecular level based on noncoding regions of DNA that contain repeating sequences. The number of repeats differs between people and can be used to identify individuals or determine relationships through gel electrophoresis. DNA fingerprinting is used for evidence in criminal cases, paternity tests, immigration requests, and studying biodiversity. Cloning produces genetically identical copies of organisms through techniques like nuclear transfer in mammals. Cloning has potential benefits like organ transplants and saving endangered species but also raises concerns about health, biodiversity, and success rates. Genetic engineering modifies organisms' DNA to give them new traits using recombinant DNA techniques. Transgenic organisms with genes from other species are used in research and agriculture but also provoke concerns about
Unit 17a Scientific classification
The document discusses taxonomy and classification systems. It describes how Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships and uses evidence from living species, fossils, and molecular data. Cladistics is a common method to classify organisms based on shared ancestry, placing species in evolutionary trees based on which share a more recent common ancestor.
Unit 15b Biosphere climate and biomes
The document discusses the biosphere and climate. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and living things on Earth. Climate is the long-term weather patterns of a region, determined by factors like temperature, sunlight, and wind. Earth has six major biomes defined by climate, including tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, temperate forests, taiga, and tundra.
Unit 15a Habitat niche interactions and growth patterns
Organisms interact through competition for resources and through symbiotic relationships. Competition occurs when multiple species require the same limited resources and can lead to competitive exclusion of one species. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, where species interact and one benefits while the other is helped or harmed. Population growth is determined by immigration, birth, emigration, and death rates, and is typically limited by resource availability through factors like predation, disease, and competition.
Unit 14b Food webs and cycling of matter
Producers like plants provide energy for other organisms. They get energy from non-living resources through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and include plants, algae, and bacteria. Consumers like herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores get energy by eating producers or other consumers and include deer, hawks, and humans. Food chains show a single path of energy transfer from producer to consumer while food webs show complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Matter like water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus cycle through ecosystems as they move between living and nonliving components.
Unit 13a Fossil record and geologic time scale
The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. It explains that fossils only form under specific conditions, such as rapid burial. Relative dating compares fossil placement in rock layers, while radiometric dating measures radioactive decay to estimate ages. The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history into eras and periods lasting tens to hundreds of millions of years each. Determining fossil ages relies on methods like relative dating, radiometric techniques, and analyzing placement near index fossils.
Unit 12 Mechanisms for evolution
The document discusses several concepts related to evolution in populations, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and speciation. It provides examples of how genetic drift can occur through bottleneck events or when a small group founds a new population. Isolated populations can evolve into separate species over time if reproductive barriers form between them. The Hardy-Weinberg model describes unchanging populations, but real populations rarely meet all its assumptions and can evolve through factors like genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural and sexual selection.
Unit 18b genetic screening and gene therapy
Genomics is the study of genomes through gene sequencing and comparisons within and across species. The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA. Technology allows study of genes and proteins through databases, microarrays, and proteomics. Genetic screening tests DNA to detect genetic disorders and cancer risk, while gene therapy aims to replace faulty genes as a treatment.
Welcome To Biology
This document provides information for students in Mr. Taylor's online biology class, including contact information for the teacher, details about participation points and assignments, guidelines for weekly letters and discussions boards, and an overview of quizzes, tests and the online textbook. Students can earn points each week for replying to weekly letters, attending online meetings, and progress in the class. The teacher provides unit outlines and answers to quizzes/tests in weekly letters and wants to be contacted if students have any issues with scoring.
Unit 5 The Cell Cycle And Mitosis
The cell cycle has four main stages - G1, S, G2, and M. In M phase, the cell undergoes mitosis to divide into two daughter cells. Cell division is regulated by internal and external factors. Multicellular organisms rely on interactions between different cell types such as stem cells, which can develop into various cell types.
More from Olympus High School - Jeff Taylor (19)
SDS Episode2 - The Habitat Requirements of Pacific Northwest Bats
SDS Episode2 - The Habitat Requirements of Pacific Northwest Bats
Unit 18a DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering
Unit 18a DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering
Unit 15a Habitat niche interactions and growth patterns
Unit 15a Habitat niche interactions and growth patterns
Unit 2 The Chemistry Of Life
- 1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
- 8. Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
- 10. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
- 12. make up cell membranes
- 16. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
- 18. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
- 19. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
- 26. Energy is released when bonds form.
- 27. A reaction is at equilibrium when reactants and products form at the same rate.CO2 + H2O H2CO3
- 28. Chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.
- 32. A catalyst lowers activation energy. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions. decrease activation energy increase reaction rate
- 34. Changes in temperature and pH can break hydrogen bonds.
- 37. bonds in substrates weakened