There are two main types of research: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses, while qualitative research uses descriptive data like words to develop theories and explore phenomena. Some key differences are that quantitative research has clearly defined variables, aims to test theories, uses large representative samples and statistical analysis, while qualitative research has a rough idea of variables, aims to develop theories, uses small samples and descriptive analysis like coding and narratives. There are also various research designs that differ based on whether they manipulate variables experimentally, use control groups, collect data prospectively or retrospectively, and in quantitative versus qualitative traditions.

1. Presented by:
Mr. Manjunath. beth
associate Professor
&
hod of Msn
dePartMent

3. Types of research
• Research can be classified on several criteria
• Approach of the studying variable (qualitative
and quantitative research)
• Purpose of conducting research (basic and
applied research)

4.  Quantitative research :
“It is an enquire into an identified problem, based on
testing a theory composed of variables, measured with
numbers and analyzed using statistical techniques. Here
data is collected in numerical form and analyzed by
using descriptive and inferential statistics.”
Evidences are evaluated, theories and hypothesis are
tested.
Cause and effect interactions among variables.

5. Major types of Quantitative research are :
Experimental
Quasi- experimental
non experimental designs

6. Qualitative research
“It is a systematic, interactive, subjective
approach used to describe life experience and
give them meaning. It involves in depth
understanding of human behavior and the
reason that govern human behavior.”
Here the data is collected in descriptive
form rather than numerical form. The data is
analyzed by descriptive coding, indexing and
narrations.

7. PARAMETERS QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
General nature Objective approach Subjective approach
Knowledge of study variables Clearly understood Rough idea
Aims Testing theory and hypothesis Develop theory and
assumptions
Research problem Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning
Planning Carefully designed Design emerges as study
unfolds
Research design Experimental quasi, Non-
experimental quasi
Phenomenology, grounded,
ethnography, case study,
historical
Sample Large representative sample Small size sample
Data Quantitative Qualitative
Tools Structured or semi structured
tools
Less formally structured
Methods Objectively separated Subjectively emerged
Analysis Descriptive & inferential
statistics
Descriptive coding, indexing,
Narration

11. 2. Control :
 it refers to the use of control group and controlling
the effect of extraneous variable on the dependent
variable. Subjects are similar in number and
characteristics in both experimental and control group
but the experimental group receives the intervention
and a comparison is made with the control group to
observe the effect of this intervention.
3. Randomization:
 Means that every subject has an equal chance of
being assigned to experimental or control group.
 It is used to minimize the threat of internal validity of
the study.

12. Symbolic preSentation true
experimental deSign
• R = Random assignment of the subjects to the group
• O = Observation or measurement of the dependent variable
• X = Experiment treatment or intervention

13. Types of true experimental designs:
1.Post test only control design:
RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
TREATMENT POST TEST
POST TESTCONTROL GROUP

14. 2.Pre test post test only design
RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP TREATMENT
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST
POST TEST

15. 3.Solomon four group design
RANDOM
ASSIGNMENT
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP 1
TREATMENT
CONTROL
GROUP 1
PRE TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST
POST TEST
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP 2
TREATMENT
CONTROL
GROUP 2
POST TEST
POST TEST

16. 4.Crossover design
GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF THE MOUTH CARE
GROUP 1 CHLORHEXIDINE (α 1) SALINE (α2)
GROUP 2 SALINE (α2) CHLORHEXIDINE (α 1)

17. Quasi experimental design
“It involves the manipulation of independent
variable to observe the effect on dependent
variable, but it lacks at least one of the two
characteristics of true experimental design i.e.
randomization or control group.”

18. 1. Non randimisation control group
design
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
TREATMENT
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST
POST TEST

19. 2. Time series design
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
TREATMENTO1 O2 O3 O1 O2 O3

20. Pre experimental designs
1. One group pretest & post test
design
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
PRE TEST TREATMENT POST TEST

21. 2. One shot case design
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP
TREATMENT POST TEST

22. “It is a design in which variables are not
deliberately manipulated, nor is the setting
controlled.”
Data is collected through questionnaires,
interviews, observation and literature reviews.

23. 1. Descriptive research design
I.Univariant
I uu.
It is undertaken to describe the frequency
of occurrence of a phenomenon.
Ex- researcher is interested in assessing the
experiences of patient suffering from
rheumatoid arthritis and the researcher may
describe the frequency of different
symptoms experienced by the patient and
the type of treatment received.

24. II . Exploratory design
used to identify, explore and describe the
existing phenomenon and its related factors.
It is in depth exploration and a study of its
related factor to improve further
understanding about a less understood
phenomenon.

25. III . comparative design
It includes comparing and contrasting two or
more samples of the study subjects on one or
more variables, often at a single point of time.
Ex- A comparative study on the health problems
among rural and urban older people in district
Kolhapur, Maharashtra.

26. 2. Co-relational/ ex post facto research design.
In this researcher examines the
relationship between two or more variables in
a natural setting without manipulation or
control.
No intervention is given.
Ex- A correlation study on the effect of
smoking on lung cancer among people in New
Delhi.

27. a. Prospective research design
In this design the researcher relates the
present to the future.
It start with a presumed cause and then go to
the presumed effect.
Ex- a prospective co-relational study on the
effect of maternal infection during pregnancy on
fetal development and pregnancy outcome.

28. b. Retrospective research design
In this researcher studies the current
phenomenon by seeking information from the
past.
• It has a backward approach to study a
phenomenon i.e. effect to the cause.

29. 3. Developmental research design
This design examines the phenomenon with reference to
time.
A. Cross sectional design – in this design researcher collects
data at particular point of time.
Ex- researcher is interested in assessing the awareness on
swine flu among peoples of an area.
B. Longitudinal design- this design is used to collect data over
an extended time period (long time study).
Ex- perception of nursing students towards nursing
profession from the beginning of nursing program to its
end.

30. 4. Epidemiological research design
“It is used to investigate the distribution and causes of
the disease in population.”
To investigate cause of different disease in either
prospective or retrospective approach.
1.Cohort study– a researcher longitudinally observes the
smokers for development of lung cancer.
2. Case control – a researcher investigates the history of
smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

31. 5. Survey Research Design
This is a design which is used to collect
information from different subjects within a
given population having same characteristics of
interest.
1.If survey is conducted on sample ----- Survey
sample
2.If survey is conducted on population ------
Population survey e.g. CENSUS

32. • Information is collected regarding
Prevalence, Distribution, interrelationship of
variables within population.
• Wide range of data like actions, attitudes,
opinions, perceptions, behaviors, awareness,
practices.
Main features
• Data is collected to get new information.
• Data is collected from of subjects.

33. • Various types of survey research based on
nature of phenomenon.
• Data is collected in number of ways.
• Questionnaires.
• Interview schedule.
• Personal interviews.

34. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
DESIGN
1.Depending on nature of phenomenon
 a. Descriptive
 b. Exploration
 c. Comparative
 d. Co-relational survey
2.Based on methods of data collection
a. Written survey - Questionnaires
b. Oral survey - Interview
c. Electronic survey - Emails , web sites , sms.

35. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1.Phenomenological Research
This type of research is done for
understanding of the relationship between
status of individual consciousness & social life.
E.g. A phenomenological study on live
experience of Tsunami victims in selected
villages of Tamil Nadu.

36. 2.Ethonographic Research
It is associated with field of anthropology, which
focuses on the culture of a group of people with an
effort to understand their worldview.
E.g. An ethnographic study on socio-cultural beliefs of
the people about antenatal, natal& postnatal care of
women in selected tribal communities of Rajasthan.

37. 3.Grounded theory
It emerged from the discipline of sociology. The
term grounded theory means that the theory
developed from the research is ‘grounded’ or has its
roots in the data from which it was derived.
E.g. A study on the response & adaptation process of
patients diagnosed with Cancer in Nehru Hospital,
Chandigarh.

38. 4.Historical Research Design
History gives an exact Knowledge of the past and
enables one to interpret the future.
Scientific method of inquiry of historical problems.
Methodological approach is ‘HISTORIOGRAPHY’
Historical research is viewed in three different way
1.Historical approach; organization of historical facts in
support to develop new concepts.
2.Historical subjects; biographies of great men,
monographs of places and sketches of ideas thoughts
and trends.
3.Historical technique; conducted on the basis of
historical records and documents.

39. • Primary sources ; fossils, skeleton, tools,
weapons, utensils, clothing's, buildings, pictures,
paintings.
• Oral and written testimony[ witness of the
same]- consciously used for the purpose of
transmitting information to be used in future.
• Laws, official records, letters, diaries, contracts,
wills, maps, books, research reports.
• Secondary sources; Most of history Books and
encyclopedias.

40. It includes systemic collection & critical
evaluation of data relating to past
occurrences of a particular phenomenon.
E.g. A historical research on the
development of nursing in INDIA.

41. 5.Action Research
This research tries to find practical solutions to
problems existing in the framework of an
organization.
E.g. An action research on the practicability of western
nursing practice protocols in public & private Indian
healthcare organization.

42. 6.Case study
Case studies are in depth examination of people,
places or institutions.
“Robson defines case study as the development of
detailed , intensive knowledge about a single ‘case’ or
a small no of related cases.”
E.g. A case study on availability & utilization of the
emergency services in civil hospital , Kolhapur.