1) A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposed for testing through scientific investigation. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
2) Hypotheses guide research design and analysis by specifying the variables to be studied and their expected relationships.
3) The main types of hypotheses are simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative. Hypotheses can also be classified as associative, causal, statistical, or research hypotheses.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Normal provability curve is one of the important topic in the Educational research.The theory of parametric tests in the inferential statistics is completely based on the NPC. Every researcher must know the characteristics of the NPC.
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study.
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Normal provability curve is one of the important topic in the Educational research.The theory of parametric tests in the inferential statistics is completely based on the NPC. Every researcher must know the characteristics of the NPC.
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study.
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Research Methodology all about Hypothesis.pptxDrHafizKosar
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. HYPOTHESES
S U B J E C T : N U R S I N G R E S E A R C H
U N I T - I V
BY:-
BAL JINDER SINGH
M SC.(N) MSN
2. INTRODUCTION
Hypotheses is usually considered as the
principal instrument is research . Its main function
is to suggest new instruments and observations.
Decision-makers often face situations wherein they
are interested in testing hypotheses it is based on
the basis of available information and take
decisions the basis of such testing. It is often used
strategy for deciding. Thus hypothesis testing
enables us to make probability statement about
population parameters. The hypothesis may not be
proved absolutely, but in practice it is accepted if it
has withstood a critical testing.
3. MEANING:
Etymologically hypotheses is made up to two
wards, “hypo” (less than) and “thesis” which
mean less than or less certain than a thesis.
It is the presumptive statement of a proposition
or a reasonable guess, based upon the available
evidence, which the researcher seeks to prove
through his study.
4. DEFINITION
ACCORDING TO HILWAY (1964, P. 123), THE
HYPOTHESIS MAY BE CONVENIENTLY
CONSIDERED AS A TENTATIVE OR WORKING
ASSUMPTION AND THE THEORY AS THE
SURVIVING OR FINAL HYPOTHESIS WHICH IS
MOST DEFENSIBLY SUPPORTED BY ALL THE
EVIDENCE.
According to KERLINGER (1986) has defined a
hypothesis as a “ Conjecture statement of the relations
between two or more variables.”
POLIT & HUNGLER (1995) Presented a similar
definition by calling a hypothesis is a “ tentative
prediction or explanation of the relationship between
two or more variables.”
5. A HYPOTHESIS IS THE FORMAL
STATEMENT OF THE EXPECTED
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE VARIABLES IN A SPECIFIED
POPULATION.
( NANCY BURNS )
A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS IS A “
PREDICTIVE STATEMENT, CAPABLE OF
BEING TESTED BY SCIENTIFIC METHODS,
THAT RELATES AN INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE TO SOME DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
6. PURPOSES
• Objectivity to scientific investigations by
pinpointing a specific part of theory to be tested.
• Through hypotheses, theoretical propositions can be
tested in the real world.
• The investigator can then advance scientific
knowledge by supporting or failing to support the
tested theory
• Negative findings are sometimes as important as
positive ones.
7. • It guide the research design and dictate the type of
statistical analysis to be used with the data.
• Provides the reader with an understanding of the
researchers expectations about the study before data
collection begins.
• It includes the variables to be manipulated or
measured, identifies the population to be examined,
indicates the type of research & directs the
conducts of the study.
• Hypothesis are developed to direct the testing of
new treatments and are often viewed as tools for
uncovering ideas rather than ends in themselves.
8. CHARACTERISTICS:
• Hypothesis should be clear and precise
• Hypothesis should be capable of being tested.
• Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it
happens to be a rational hypothesis.
• Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific.
• Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible
understandable by all concerned.
• Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i.e
it must be consistent with a substantial body of established
facts.
• Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a
reasonable time.
• Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need
for explanation.
10. CRITERIA OF USABLE
HYPOTHESES
• Hypotheses should be clearly & precisely stated.
• Hypotheses should be testable.
• Hypotheses should state the expected relationship
between variables.
• Hypotheses should be limited in scope.
• Hypothesis should be consistent with most known
facts.
• Hypotheses should be stated as far as possible in
simple terms.
• The hypotheses selected should be amenable to testing
within a reasonable time .
11. CLASSIFICATIONS OF
HYPOTHESES
According to author Laura A Talbot Classification is
• Simple hypotheses
• Complex hypothesis.
• Directional hypothesis.
• Non – directional hypothesis.
• Null hypothesis.
• Alternative hypothesis. .
• Statistical hypotheses
• Research hypotheses
12. According to Author Nancy Burns it is classified as:
• Associative hypotheses
• Causal hypotheses
• Simple hypotheses
• Complex hypotheses
• Non directional hypotheses
• Directional hypotheses
• Null hypotheses
• Research hypotheses
13. 1) SIMPLE HYPOTHESES
A simple hypotheses is a hypotheses that
expresses an expected relationship between one
independent and one dependent variable.
A simple hypotheses could be called bivariate.
It states a relationship between a single independent
variable and a single dependent variable.
Example – Older patients are more at risk
experiencing a fall than younger patients .Here age
is independent variable and risk of fall is dependent
variable .
14. 2) COMPLEX HYPOTHESES
A complex hypotheses refers to a prediction of a relationship
between two (or more) independent variables and / two (or more)
dependent variables.
• Sometimes, complex hypotheses are referred to as multivariate
hypotheses because they involve multiple variables.
• A complex hypotheses concerns a relationship where two or
more independent variables, two or more dependent variables or
both, are being examined in the same study.
• Example Smoking and consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
might lead to low birth weight and lower Apgar Score infants. Here
two independent and two dependent variables.
• Example (1) Among women with multiple sclerosis, functional
limitations (y) are influenced by the women’s external resources,
such as their education (x1), marital status (x2), social support (x3),
employment status (x4) and perceived economic adequacy (x5),
this is a example of multiple independent variables
15. 3) DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES
A directional hypotheses is one that specifies not
only the existence but also the expected direction of
the relationship between variables. That is, the
researcher predicts not only the existence of a
relationship but also the nature of the relationship.
Example- Person petting a dog with whom
they have a companion bond will experience a greater
reduction in heart rate and B.P than when petting an
unknown dog.
16. 4) NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES
A non directional hypotheses by contrast, does not
stipulate the direction of the relationship.
E.g.: There will be a difference between mean
pretest knowledge score and mean post knowledge
score of staff Nurses who received STP at 0.05 level
of significance.
In a non directional research hypothesis the
researcher merely predicts that a relationship exists. In
this, the researcher further predicts the type of
relationship between the variables which is turn
specifies the expected direction of the treatment effect.
17. 5) NULL HYPOTHESIS
Symbol –H0
It is also known as statistical hypotheses .
• Null hypotheses stated that there is no relationship
between the independent and dependent variables.
• The null hypothesis is a statement about a status quo that
asserts that any change from what has been thought to
true will be due entirely to random sampling error.
• It relates to a statistical method of interpreting conclusions
about population characteristics inferred from the variable
relationship observed in sample. The null form is a
statement that asserts that observed differences or
relationships merely result from chance errors inherent in
the sampling process.
• Example- The mean post-test knowledge score of
antenatal mother who received STP will not be
higher than mean pretest knowledge score at 0.05 level of
significance.
• Example There is no difference between the mean IQ’s
athletes and non-ablates. The null hypotheses states that
18. 6) ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
Symbol H1, Ha
• It is stated in the study that the expected
relationship between variables
• .Example- Knowledge of medical terminology
among clients & families. The hypotheses
proposed that “ there is a significant difference
between nurses is usually stated in a
form postulating the attributes of a
phenomenon perpection of clients and
. Knowledge of medical terms and their actual
knowledge of medical terms.”
.
• Null hypotheses versus alternative hypotheses is most important.
19. 7) CASUAL HYPOTHESES:
• This is a hypothesis to identify cause and
effect interaction between two or more
variables.
• Example-Persons who participate in nurse
managed home telemonitoring and nurse
managed community based monitoring for
usual care will have greater improvement in
blood pressure from baseline to three
follow up care receiver.
20. 8) ASSOCIATE HYPOTHESIS:
• It proposes relationships among variables
that occur or exist together in the real world.
• It identify relationship among variables in a
study but do not indicate that one variable
causes an effect on another variable
• Example- Positive relationship exist among
dysponea ,fatigue and sleep difficulty in
people with COPD..
21. 9)STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS:
• It is defined as the null & alternative hypothesis
written in statistical terms.
• Example- Ho; uı = u2 (null)
U1 = Population mean 1
U2= population mean 2
H1: u1>u2 (alternative)
(There is a difference between the two means
22. 10) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
It makes a prediction about the
outcome of study and about the
relationship between variables.
• E.g. Both men and women who
participated in the cardiac home
information programme intervention
would have lower levels of
distress than would women and men
who did not participate in such a
program.
Hypotheses in short term
Ho – Null hypotheses.
H1 – Research hypotheses.
23. • FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESES
• To test theories.
• To suggest theories
• To describe social phenomena.
• To help in formulating social policy, say, for
rural communities, slums in urban
educational institutions, solutions to various
kinds of social problems.
• To assist in refuting certain ‘common sense’
notions e.g. men are more intelligent than
women.
• To indicate need for change in systems and
structures by providing new knowledge.
24. ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESES
• 1.Hypothesis build researches confidence in his results:
• 2. Sound hypothesis gives direction to the inquiry:
• 3. A good hypothesis enriches theory:
25. DISADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESIS
.It may bias the investigator towards a particular position and
cause him to lose objectivity. This need not always be so if the
investigator conceives a hypothesis merely as an assumption
which he or she should consider and not as a positions which
he/ she should consider and not as a positions which he / she
should defend.
26. COMPONENTS OF THE HYPOTHESES STATEMENT
• 1.PROBLEM STATEMENT AND PURPOSE :-
The hypotheses must have the same population,
variables and predicted out come as stated in the
problem statement and purpose.
2. TARGET POPULATION:
The target population is stated in the hypotheses in the
form of a sample. This is the group of subjects or
to get the out come and to which the findings will be
generalized.
• 3.RESEARCH VARIABLES
The variables in the hypothesis must be measurable;
Variables are characteristics or attributes that differ
among research subjects. They vary or have different
values..
• 4. PREDICTED OUTCOME
• The hypothesis predicts the exact relationship
anticipated between the variables..
27. 5. DECLARATIVE STATEMENT
The hypothesis should be a declarative statement written in the
present tense, although it is not unusual to see it written in the
future tense in the literature.. .
7.THEORY BASED
A hypothesis is a prediction based on a theory or a specific
of a theory. The purpose of a study is to test the theory or
theoretical prepositions
4. PREDICTED OUTCOME
The hypothesis predicts the exact
relationship
anticipated between the variables
28. ROLE OF HYPOTHESES IN NURSING RESEARCH
• 1.A hypothesis gives a definite to the investigation,
and it guides the direction on the study..
• 2. A hypothesis specifies the sources of data, which
shall be studied and in what context they shall be
studied.
• 3. It determines the data needs. It defines which
fact are relevant and which are not. 4. A hypothesis
suggest which type of research is likely to be more
appropriate.
• 5. It determines the most appropriate technique of
analysis.
• 6.A hypotheses contributes to the development of
theory. It links theory and investigation.
29. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS:
• State the research hypothesis
• Formulate null hypothesis
• Choose a statistical test
• Specify a significance test
• Compute the statistical test
• Reject or accept the H0
• Draw the inference
30. ERROR OF THE HYPOTHESIS:
• Type I Error (ά)- An error created by rejecting the null
hypotheses when it is true e.g. the researcher concludes that a
relationship exists when , it fact , it doesn’t ..
• Type II Error ( )-An error created by accepting the null
hypotheses when it is false . e.g. The researcher concludes
that no relationship exists when it fact, it does.
31. CONCLUSIONA hypothesis attempts to answer the question
posed by the research problem. When testing the
validity of the theoretical frame work’s
assumptions, the hypothesis bridges the
theoretical and real worlds.
Research questions may be used instead of
hypotheses in exploratory or qualitative research
studies. Research questions may also be
formulated in addition to hypotheses to answer
questions related to ancillary data. The reader
evaluates the wording of the hypotheses in terms
of the clarity of the rational statement, the
implications for testability and its congruence with
a theory base. Hypotheses are never proved or
disproved in an ultimate sense. they are accepted
or rejected, supported or not supported by the
data.