The document discusses Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment. The theory describes nursing as a process of human interaction between nurses and clients to set and achieve goals. It explains that accurate perception, communication, and role expectations facilitate goal attainment, while role conflict can cause stress. The theory views people as open systems interacting with their environment. It proposes that if nurses and clients make transactions through the nursing process, goals will be achieved, leading to satisfaction. The theory's concepts can be applied to each step of the nursing process.
outlines are Introduction
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Proposition of king’s theory
Nursing paradigms
Theory of Goal Attainment and Nursing Process
References
Dorothy Johnson's theory defined Nursing as “an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient's behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found.
outlines are Introduction
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Proposition of king’s theory
Nursing paradigms
Theory of Goal Attainment and Nursing Process
References
Dorothy Johnson's theory defined Nursing as “an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and integration of the patient's behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which illness is found.
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
Human becoming Hermeneutic Method and Parse Method
Published multiple qualitative research studies about lived experiences of health and quality of life (such as hope, laughing, joy-sorrow, feeling respected, contentment, feeling very tired and quality of life with Alzheimers disease)
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Fundamentals of Nursing
Definition of Theory
Components of Theory
Phenomenon
Concepts
The Domain of Nursing
Evolution of Nursing Theory
Goals of Theoretical Nursing Models
Types of Theory
Overview Of Select Shared Theories
Overview Of Select Grand and Middle-Range Nursing Theories
Link Between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing
Relationship Between Nursing Theory and Nursing Research
Theory Generating Research
Theory Testing Research
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
Human becoming Hermeneutic Method and Parse Method
Published multiple qualitative research studies about lived experiences of health and quality of life (such as hope, laughing, joy-sorrow, feeling respected, contentment, feeling very tired and quality of life with Alzheimers disease)
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Fundamentals of Nursing
Definition of Theory
Components of Theory
Phenomenon
Concepts
The Domain of Nursing
Evolution of Nursing Theory
Goals of Theoretical Nursing Models
Types of Theory
Overview Of Select Shared Theories
Overview Of Select Grand and Middle-Range Nursing Theories
Link Between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing
Relationship Between Nursing Theory and Nursing Research
Theory Generating Research
Theory Testing Research
Appraise the component of various nursing theories; description, purpose, concepts, definition.
Discuss the application of nursing theories in nursing practice.
There are various theories proposed by nursing theorist. among those, Orem is one who gave self care deficit theory. She proposed three interrelated concepts viz. theory of self care, theory of self care deficit , and theory of nursing system.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Learning objectives:
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Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Imogen kings (manju)
1.
2. IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES
To Practice loving kindness
Instill faith & hope
Nurture individual spiritual beliefs and practices
Develop helping-trusting relationships
Promote and accept the expression of positive &
negative feelings.
3. Use creative scientific problems solving methods for
decision making.
Perform teaching & learning that address individual
needs and learning styles.
Creating a healing environment for the physical and
spiritual self which respects human dignity.
Assist with physical, emotional & spiritual human
needs
Allow room for miracles to take place
4.
5.
6. Introduction
• Theorist : Imogene King - born in 1923.
• Bachelor in science of nursing from St. Louis
University in 1948
• Master of science in nursing from St. Louis University
in 1957
• Doctorate from Teacher’s college, Columbia University.
• Theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship
in which a person grows and develops to attain certain
life goals.
• Factors which affects the attainment of goal are: Roles,
stress, space & time.
7. • The Theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal
relationship in which a patient grows and develops
to attain certain life goals.
• The theory explains that factors which can affect the
attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time.
The model has three interacting systems:
1. Personal
2. Interpersonal, and
3. social.
8. • Each of these systems has its own set of concepts.
1. Personal system : The concepts for the personal system
are perception, self, growth and development, body
image, space, and time.
2. Interpersonal system : The concepts for the
interpersonal system are interaction, communication,
transaction, role, and stress.
3. Social system : The concepts for the social system are
organization, authority, power, status, and decision-
making.
23. The following propositions are made in the Theory of
Goal Attainment:
1. If perceptual interaction accuracy is present in nurse-
patient interactions, transaction will occur.
2. If the Nurse and patient make transaction, the goal or
goals will be achieved.
3. If the goal or goals are achieved, satisfaction will
occur.
4. If transactions are made in nurse-patient interactions,
growth and development will be enhanced.
24. 5. If role expectations and role performance as
perceived by the nurse and patient are appropriate,
transaction will occur.
6. If role conflict is experienced by either the nurse or
the patient (or both), stress in the nurse-patient
interaction will occur.
7. If a nurse with special knowledge communicates
appropriate information to the patient, mutual goal-
setting and goal achievement will occur.
25.
26. Basic assumptions
1. Nursing focus is the care of human being
2. Nursing goal is the health care of individuals & groups
3. Human beings: are open systems interacting constantly
with their environment.
4. Basic assumption of goal attainment theory is that
nurse and client communicate information, set goal
mutually and then act to attain those goals, is also the
basic assumption of nursing process.
27. 5. “Each human being perceives the world as a total
person in making transactions with individuals and
things in environment”
6. “Transaction represents a life situation in which
perceiver & thing perceived are encountered and in
which person enters the situation as an active
participant and each is changed in the process of
these experiences”
32. The Four Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts
• The four phenomena of central interest that define
nursing practice (or the key foci of patient care) are
identified as nursing, person, health, and environment.
These four phenomena or concepts make up the overall
metaparadigm of nursing.
• Note that the phenomena of Person, Health, and
Environment all relate to the recipient(s) of nursing care
or nursing actions. The phenomenon of Nursing is only
focused on the nurse.
33. • PHENOMENON OF NURSING:
This nursing metaparadigm concept is related to the
art and science of nursing.
It consists of nursing actions or nursing
interventions.
Think of this concept as what nurses DO. This
concept includes the nurse applying professional
knowledge, procedural and technical skills, and
indirect and direct (hands-on) patient care.
34. PHENOMENON OF PERSON:
Nurses provide nursing care to Persons.
The Person is the one receiving the nursing care.
But importantly, Person is defined according to the
recipient of nursing care (the patient or client) and
may include the patient’s family and friends and the
community.
The nurse needs to consider how the patient defines
family when planning care.
35. • PHENOMENON OF HEALTH: the concept of
health is relative to the person and is defined
according to the patient’s perspective. What one
person considers healthy, may be considered
unhealthy to another person. What one person
considers an acceptable quality of life, may be
considered an unacceptable quality of life to
another person.
36. • It refers to the patient’s level of wellness (i.e., the
health/wellness-illness continuum) in all its many
aspects: physical, psychological, mental,
intellectual, emotional, and spiritual. The ability to
access healthcare and resources to support health
and wellness is included.
37. • PHENOMENON OF ENVIRONMENT: While we
typically think of the environment as something
external to us – a setting or place – a person’s
environment is also internal.
• The environment consists of internal, external, and
social factors that impact a patient’s health (including
genetics, immune function, culture, interpersonal
relationships, economics, mental state, geographic
location, education level, politics, ecology, social status,
job or career level, etc.)
38. Nursing Paradigms according IMOGEN KINGS
• 1. Human being /person
• Human being or person refers to social being who
are rational and sentient.
• Person has ability to :
– perceive
– think
– feel
– choose
– set goals
– select means to achieve goals and
– to make decision
39. Human being has three fundamental needs:
1. The need for the health information that is
unable at the time when it is needed and can be
used
2. The need for care that seek to prevent illness,
and
3. The need for care when human beings are
unable to help themselves.
40. 2. Health
• Health involves dynamic life experiences of a human
being, which implies continuous adjustment to stressors
in the internal and external environment through
optimum use of one’s resources to achieve maximum
potential for daily living.
3. Environment
• Environment is the background for human interactions.
• It involves:
– Internal environment: transforms energy to enable person to
adjust to continuous external environmental changes.
– External environment: involves formal and informal
organizations. Nurse is a part of the patient’s environment.
41. 4. Nursing
• Definition: “A process of action, reaction and
interaction by which nurse and client share
information about their perception in nursing
situation.” and “ a process of human interactions
between nurse and client whereby each perceives
the other and the situation, and through
communication, they set goals, explore means, and
agree on means to achieve goals.”
• Action: is defined as a sequence of behaviors
involving mental and physical action.
42. • Reaction: which is considered as included in the
sequence of behaviors described in action.
• In addition, king discussed:
–(a) goal
–(b) domain and
–(c) functions of professional nurse
• Goal of nurse: “To help individuals to maintain
their health so they can function in their roles.”
43. • Domain of nurse: “includes promoting,
maintaining, and restoring health, and caring for the
sick, injured and dying.
• Function of professional nurse: “To interpret
information in nursing process to plan, implement
and evaluate nursing care..
44.
45. THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT AND NURSING
PROCESS
1. Assessment
• Assessment occur during interaction.
• The nurse brings special knowledge and skills whereas
client brings knowledge of self and perception of
problems of concern, to this interaction.
• During assessment nurse collects data regarding client
(his/her growth & development, perception of self and
current health status, roles etc.)
• Perception is the base for collection and interpretation
of data.
• Communication is required to verify accuracy of
perception, for interaction and transaction.
46. 2. Nursing diagnosis
• The data collected by assessment are used to make
nursing diagnosis in nursing process.
• In process of attaining goal the nurse identifies the
problems, concerns and disturbances about which
person seek help.
47. 3. Planning
• After diagnosis, planning for interventions to solve
those problems is done.
• In goal attainment planning is represented by setting
goals and making decisions about and being agreed
on the means to achieve goals.
• This part of transaction and client’s participation is
encouraged in making decision on the means to
achieve the goals.
48. 4. Implementations
• In nursing process implementation involves the
actual activities to achieve the goals.
• In goal attainment it is the continuation of
transaction.
5. Evaluation
• It involves to finding out whether goals are achieved
or not.
• In king description evaluation speaks about
attainment of goal and effectiveness of nursing care.
49. Nursing Process and Theory of Goal Attainment
Nursing process method Nursing process theory
A system of oriented
actions
A system of oriented concepts
Assessment
Perception, communication and
interaction of nurse and client
Planning Decision making about the goals
Be agree on the means to attain the
goals
Implementation Transaction made
Evaluation Goal attained