RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGN
it include-
1) Research design
2) Classification of research design
3) Quantitative and Qualitative research approach and its difference
4) experimental, non-experimental research design with detailed
5) validity of research design (internal and external validity)
6) threats of internal and external validity of research design.
Qualitative research is a systematic, interactive, subjective, approach used to describe life experience and give them meaning where as quantitative research is a formal, objective systematic process to describe, test relationships and examine cause and effect interaction among variables.
Qualitative research is a systematic, interactive, subjective, approach used to describe life experience and give them meaning where as quantitative research is a formal, objective systematic process to describe, test relationships and examine cause and effect interaction among variables.
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
Descriptive statistics offer nurse researchers valuable options for analysing and pre-senting large and complex sets of data, suggests Christine Hallett
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
A pilot study as on experimental exploratory, test , preliminary , trial or try out investigation.
A trial study carried out before a research design is finalized to assist in defining the research questions or to test the feasibility, reliability and validity of proposed study design.
A small scale study conducted to test the plan and method of a research study.
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
Descriptive statistics offer nurse researchers valuable options for analysing and pre-senting large and complex sets of data, suggests Christine Hallett
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
In this presentation, you will find the elements of a research project, as it is understood in the Master in Urbanism of the TU Delft. This is an adaptation of classical ways of organising a research project.
Inductive and Deductive Approach to Research. Difference between Inductive an...Rohan Byanjankar
What is inductive and Deductive Approach to Research? The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Research with clear example, figure and some major differences between them.
With the objective of enabling colleges and universities to produce high quality research that will advance learning and national development, it is our duty as responsible higher education institution to make faculty members capable of conducting research endeavors. This research capability and productivity building seminar workshop highlights CHED’s National Higher Education Research Agenda-2 (NHERA) as well as CHED’s priority areas for research. Furthermore, it will reiterate the need to inculcate research ethics when conducting and publishing research works. Various research methods will also be tackled to determine how research methods and designs are planned by the researcher. Likewise, the challenges in crafting research proposals as well as the challenges of statistical analysis and interpretation will be elucidated by chosen speakers who are experts in their own field of specialization.
HOW TO CITE: Aban, J. L. (2015). Different Methods of Research. DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY - North La Union Campus (College of Education) Research capability and productivity building seminar-workshop 2015. July 16, 2015.
Postural Drainage
Basic Foundation nursing procedure include Definition, purposes, indication, contraindication, different lobes, types, principles, steps, requires articles, points to remember
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Nebulization
basic foundation nursing procedure includes definition, indication, brief history, working principle, types, steps, articles, procedure, side effect
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Writing references
It include definition of referencing, bibliography, differences, steps , benefits, purposes, different referencing styles, APA, Harvard, MLA, Vancouver,
more details follow
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BURN REHABILITATION
It include definition, purposes, stages, skin graft, rehabilitation, role and responsibility
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Research tools & data collection method_vipinVIPIN PATIDAR
data collection method-
it include following sub points-
1) definition of research tool
2) data
3) primary and secondary data
4) observation method
5) interview
6) questionnaire
7) physiological measure
NURSING RESEARCH SAMPLING
it include following sub points-
1) terminologies related to sampling
2 definition of sample and sampling
3) advantages of sampling
4) sampling process
5) types of sampling (probability and non probability)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. It is a plan structured and strategy of
investigation of answering the
research question.
It is a over all plan or blue print, the
researcher select to carry out their
study.
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3. To provide answer to research question.
To control the variants.
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4. 1. Subject – individual who take part in study or who will
be observed in the study.
2. Variables – focus of study.
3. Time – frequency (how often, when observation done)
4. Setting – natural or laboratory setting
5. Investigator role – in some condition unobtrusive, or
allocate participant to different condition
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5. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
• CASE STUDY
• GROUNDED THEORY
•PHENOMENOLOGICAL
•ETHENOGRAHIC
•HISTORICAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
• TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
•QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
•PRE EXPERIMENTAL
• DESCRIPTIVE
•RELATIONSHIP
•SURVEYS
•CAUSE-COMPARATIVE
•PREDICTIVE
•DEVELOPMENTAL
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6. 1. QUANTITATIVE
It involves the systematic collection of numerical
information often under the condition of considerable
control.
statistical analysis become more objective in nature.
2. QUALITATIVE
It involves the systematic collection of subjective
information often under the condition of minimum control.
statistical analysis become more subjective in nature.
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7. SR.
NO.
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
1. Focus on specific concept Focus on entire phenomena
2. Begins with preconceive thought
about how the concept are related
Begins with preconceive
thought but gives more stress
on people interpretation
3 Use structured procedure and
formal instrument to collect data
No Use of structured procedure
and formal instrument to
collect data
4. Collect information under
condition of control
Minimal control
5. Objectivity Subjectivity
6. Focus on small group Focus on large group
7. More time in processing of data More time in selection of
subject and study
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8. QUANTITATIVE
1. EXPERIMENTAL- It establishes the
cause and effect relationship.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERSTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
RANDOMIZATION
CONTROL MANIPULATION
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9. participant being assigned to either
receive (exp. Group) or not receive
(control group).
METHODS-
1. Lottery method
2. Tossing a coin
3. Random number table
RANDOMIZATION
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10. It is the process of maneuvering the
intervention, so that its effect on the
dependent variable can be observed /
measure.
MANIPULATION
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11. It refers to a group of subjects, whose
performance is used to evaluate the
performance of exp. Group on same D.V
it is for elimination of bias
CONTROL
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12. 1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1.1 classic exp. Design / pre test-post test
control group design
R O1 x O2 (exp. Group)
R O1 O2 (control group)
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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13. 1.2 post test only control group design
R x O2 (exp. Group)
R O2 (control group)
1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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14. 1.3 Solomon four group design
R O1 x O2 (exp. Group)
R O3 O4 (control group)
R x O5 (exp. Group)
R O6 (control group)
1. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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15. 2.1 Non equivalent control group design
R O1 x O2 (exp. Group)
R O1 O2 (control group)
2. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In this design full exp. Control but usually
randomization is not possible
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16. 2.2 Time series design
R O1 O2 O3 O4 x O5 O6 O7 O8 (exp. Group)
2. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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17. 2.2 Multiple Time series design
R O1 O2 O3 O4 x O5 O6 O7 O8 (exp. Group)
R O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 (control grp)
2. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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18. 3.1 One shot case study design
R ---- x O2 (exp. Group)
3. PRE - EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• This design, fail to include a control and
randomization.
A single group is often studied but no
comparison
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19. 3.2 One group pre test-post test design
R O1 x O2 (exp. Group)
3. PRE - EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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20. QUANTITATIVE
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL-
a) No treatment or No intervention.
b) does not determine cause and effect.
c) mainly examine the present situation.
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21. 2.1 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
a) Intended to describe.
b) Effective when the area has been previously studied.
c) describe achievement, attitude, behavior or other
characteristic of a group.
d) does not involve manipulation of variable (I.D)
use- provide data for initial investigation of an area.
Imp. Issue-
• cannot make conclusion about relationship studied.
Typical analysis – graph, charts, table
EX-
• how much do college students exercise?
• What do teachers think about merit pay?
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22. 2.2 RELATIONSHIP STUDIES
a) Investigate the degree to which variation in one
variable related to variation in another variable.
b) mainly it shows the relationship between variables.
Typical analysis – correlation
EX-
• What is the relationship between leadership style
and tenure as a leader?
• Age and weight?
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23. 2.3 PREDICTIVE STUDIES
a) It allow us to calculate the value of one variable
(criterion variable) based on value of another
variable (predictive variable)
b) it allow us to make estimate
Typical analysis – Regression
EX-
• Which high school applicants should be admitted to
college?
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24. 2.4 SURVEY DESIGN
a) very popular method
b) mostly used in descriptive studies.
c) it is used to learn about attitude, belief, opinion,
behavior etc.
d) data collection method may be vary but they must be
standardized.
Advantages
• Verasality
• Efficiency
• Generalization
• Cost effectiveness
• Small sample provide reliable result
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25. 2.5 CAUSE-COMARATIVE STUDIES
a) beyond relationship it describe cause and effect.
b) it divide into 2 types
1. Ex post facto
• Applied when seeking
cause and effect
relationship but cannot
do experiments.
• Ex
what is the effect of
day care on social skill
of children?
2. Correlation
• More sophisticated
studies to investigate
cause and effects.
• Consider extraneous
variables.
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26. 2.5 DEVELOMENTAL STUDIES
it divide into 4 types
1. Cross sectional
• Studies examine data
at some point in time,
that the data are
collected on only one
occasion with the
same subjects.
2. Longitudinal
• Researcher collect the
data from the same
group at different oint
of time .
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27. Contd….
3. Retrospective
• It begins with
phenomena of interest
(DV) in the present
and examination
relationship to another
variable (IDV) in the
past.
4. Prospective
• Begins with an
exploration of
assumed cause and
than move forward in
the time to the
presumed effect.
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28. QUALITATIVE
This research attempts to shed light
on a phenomena by studying in depth a
single case.
The case can be an individual person,
an event, a group or an institution.
1) CASE STUDY RESEARCH-
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29. QUALITATIVE
Grounded theory is a research method that operates
almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research
and at first may appear to be in contradiction to
the scientific method.
Four stages:
1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key points
of the data to be gathered
2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content
that allows the data to be grouped
3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts that
are used to generate a theory
4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the
subject of the research (hypotheses)
2) GROUNDED THEORY-
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30. QUALITATIVE
an inductive, descriptive research approach
developed from phenomenological philosophy;
its aim is to describe an experience as it is
actually lived by the person.
They are based in a paradigm of personal
knowledge and subjectivity, and emphasise the
importance of personal perspective and
interpretation.
3) PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
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31. QUALITATIVE
It refer to the investigation of a culture
through an in-depth study of the members of
the culture; it involves the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data for
development of theories of cultural behaviour.
It studies people, ethnic groups and other
ethnic formations, their ethno genesis,
composition, resettlement, social welfare
characteristics, as well as their material and
spiritual culture.
4) ETHENOGRAPHIC RESEARCH-
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32. QUALITATIVE
This research involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote or recent past.
Application
• Historical research can show patterns that occurred
in the past and over time which can help us to see
where we came from and what kinds of solutions we
have used in the past.
• Understanding this can add perspective on how we
examine current events and educational practices.
5) HISTORICAL RESEARCH-
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34. Internal validity
Extent to which an observed outcome can be
attributed to a planned intervention
refers to the extent to which the changes
observed in the DV are caused by the IV.
External validity
Extent to which an observed outcome can be
attributed to a replicable intervention and
generalized to other settings and populations.
Refers to generalizability or representativeness
of the findings.
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35. HISTORY
An event that occurs during the intervention that
could have an impact on the results
MATURATION
Bias from biological, natural, or social events
that can bias results
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36. TESTING
Testing might cue a person in to change behavior,
regardless of the program.
INSTRUMENTATION
Bias in data collection instruments.
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37. STATISTICAL REGRESSION
Bias from selecting a group with unusually high
or low scores on something.
SELECTION
Comparison groups are unequal.
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38. ATTRITION/SUBJECT MORTALITY
Dropouts of subjects; if there is more than one
group, then unequal dropouts between groups.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS
Frequently arises when volunteers are
compared with non volunteers.
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