2. RESEARCH DESIGN IS A PLAN OF HOW, WHEN
AND WHERE DATA ARE TO BE COLLECTED AND
ANALYZED.
RESEARCH DESIGN IS THE RESEARCH’S OVERALL
PLAN FOR ANSWERING THE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS OR TESTING THE RESEARCH
HYPOTHESE.
IT IS THE MASTER PLAN SPECIFYING THE
METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTING
AND ANALYZING THE NEEDED INFORMATION IN
A RESEARCH STUDY.
3. .
ELEMENTS
OF
RESEARCH
DESIGN
THE APPROCH
METHOD
OF DATA
ANALYSIS POPULATION,
SAMPLE AND
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
TOOLS AND
METHODS OF
DATA
COLLECTION
TIMES AND PLACE OF
DATA COLLECTION
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
OR BOTH
WITH/WITH
OUT A
CONCEPTUA
L FRAME
WORK
4. IT INVOLVES THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN TO
INVETIGATE THE PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY
IN A STRUCTURED(QUANTITATIVE),
UNSTRUCTURED(QUALITATIVE) OR A
COMBINATION OF THE TWO METHODS
(QUALITATIVE&QUANTITATIVE).
5. POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE.
THE TIME, PLACE, AND SOURCES OF DATA
COLLECTION.
TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
METHODS OF THE DATA ANALYSIS.
6. THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN
LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE NATURE OF THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM, THE RESEARCH AVAILABLE,
ACCESSIBLE OF SUBJECTS, AND RESEARCH
ETHICS.
7. NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH’S KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE
RESEARCHER’S INTEREST AND MOTIVATION
RESEARCH ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES
SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS
RESOURCES
TIME
POSSIBLE CONTROL ON EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
USERS OF THE STUDY FINDINGS
8. THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY AND
DEPENDABILITY OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS
INTERNAL VALIDITY
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
9. CAMPBELL AND STANLEY USED THE TERM
INTERNAL VALIDITY TO REFER TO THE EXTENT
TO WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE AN
INFERENCE THAT THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
IS TRULY INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLE.
10. EXTERNAL VALIDITY EXPLORES THE
GENERALIZATION BEYOND SPECIFIC
EXPERIMENT’S TO CHECK IF THE RESULT AND
FINDING COME OUT TO BE SAME WITH OTHER
SETTING OR WITH OTHER SUBJECT
POPULATION, BUT RELATED VARIABLES.
14. ACCORDING TO RILEY, EXPRIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN IS A POWERFUL DESIGN FOR
TESTING HYPOTHSESE OF CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES.
15. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS ARE
THOSE WHERE RESEARCHERS HAVE COMPLETE
CONTROL OVER THE EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
AND CAN PERDICT CONFIDENTLY THAT THE
OBSERVED EFFECT ON THE DEPENDABLE
VARIABLE IS ONLY DUE TO THE MANIPULATION
OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
22. TYPE OF
ANTIHYPERTEN
SIVE DRUGS
BLOCK
PATIENTS WITH
PRIMARY
HYPERTENSION
(I)
DIABETIC
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(II)
RENAL
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(III)
A A,I A,II A,III
B B,I B,II B,III
C C,I C,II C,III
23. GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF THE
MOUTH CARE
GROUP1 CHLOHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2
GROUP2 SALINE(A2) CHLOHEXIDINE(A1)
24. MOST POWERFUL DESIGN.
TO ESTABILISH THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLES.
THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH IS
EXPLANATION,CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP MAY BE
ESTABLISHED AMONG THE VARIABLES BY
EXPERIMENTATION.
IN THESE STUDIES THE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
IN WHICH THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED CAN YIELD A
GREATER DEGREE OF PURITY IN OBSERVATION.
A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME THAT MAY TAKE YEARS TO
OCCUR NATURALLY.
25. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS CANNOT
BEREPLICATED IN STUDIES CONDUCTED ON HUMAN
BEING DUE TO ETHICAL PROBLEMS.
MANY OF THE HUMAN VARIABLES NEITHER HAVE
VALID MESURABLE CRITERIA NOR INSTRUMENTAL TO
MESURE THEM.
IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONDUCTED IN
NATURAL SETTING LIKE HOSPITALS OR COMMUNITY,
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO IMPOSE CONTROL OVER
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES.
IT IS VERY DIFFICLUTY TO GET COOPERATION FROM
THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS.
26. IT INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TO OBSERVE THE
EFFECT ON DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
27. •LACK OF AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO OTHER
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE
EXPERIMENT.
•QUASI- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE USED
INSTEAD OF TRUE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.
28. NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
EXP.GROUP PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POST-
TEST
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE
TEST
o POST-
TEST
30. THEY ARE MORE PRACTICAL AND FEASIBLE TO
CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDIES IN NURSING.
IN THE ABSENCE OF A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE,
RANDOMIZATION AND/OR AVAILALABILITY OF
CONTROL GROUP ARE NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE.
IT MAY BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP, WHEREIN SOME OF THE
HYPOTHESES ARE PRACTICALLY ANSWERED
THROUGH THIS DESIGN ONLY.
31. THERE IS NO CONTROL OVER EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLES.
THE ABSENCE OF A CONTROL GROUP OR A LACK
OF CONTROL OVER THE RESEARCH SETTING
MAKES THE RESULT OF THIS DESIGN LESS
RELIABLE AND WEAK FOR THE ESTABILISHMENT
OF CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES.
32. THIS RESEARCH DESIGN IS CONSIDERED VERY
WEAK, BECAUSE THE RESEARCH HAS VERY
LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE EXPERIMENT.
33. ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN;
EXP.GROUP TREATMENT o POST-TEST
•ONE- GROUP PRETEST-
POSTTEST DESIGN;
EXP.GROUP TREATMENT
o POST-
TEST
PRE
TEST
34. VERY SIMPLE AND CONVENIENT TO CONDUCT
THESE STUDIES IN NATURAL SETTING,
ESPECIALLY IN NURSING.
MOST SUITABLE DESIGN FOR THE BEGINNERS IN
THE FIELD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH.
35. IT HAS VERY LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE
RESEARCH.
IT HAS A HIGHER THREAT TO INTERNAL
VALIDITY OF RESEARCH .
36. IT IS ONE OF THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF
RESEARCH DESIGNS, IN WHICH THE RESEARCH
OBSERVES THE PHENOMENA AS THEY OCCUR
NATURALLY, AND NO EXTERNAL VARIABLES ARE
INTRODUCED.
37. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CANNOT BE
MANIPULATED.
IT IS UNETHICAL TO MANIPULATE THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
THE RESEARCH SITUATIONS WHERE IT IS NOT
PRACTICALLY POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT
EXPERIMENTS.
DESCRIPTIVE-TYPE STUDIES THAT DO NOT
REQUIRE ANY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES.
39. IT IS USED TO OBSERVE, DESCRIBE, AND
DOCUMENT ASPECT OF A SITUATION AS IT
NATURALLY OCCURS, AND SOMETIMES TO SERVE
AS A STARTING POINT FOR HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OR THEORY DEVELOPMENT.
40. USED TO OBSERVE, DOCUMENT,AND DESCRIBE A
PHENOMENON OCCURING IN NATURAL
SETTING.
TO GAIN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT
CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN A PARTICULAR FIELD
OF INQUIRY.
USED TO DEVELOP THEORIES, IDENTIFY
PROBLEMS WWITH CURRENT PRACTIS, MAKE
JUDGEMENTS, OR DETERMINE OTHER PRACTICES
IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS.
41. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN ARE
UNDERTAKEN TO DESCRIBE THE FREQUENCY OF
A PHENOMENON.
THIS DESIGN DOES NOT FOCUS ON THE STUDY
OF A SINGLE VARIABLE; THERE MAY BE ONE OR
MORE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY.
42. IT IS USED TO IDENTIFY, EXPLORE , AND DESCRIBE
EXISITING PHENOMENON AND ITS RELATED
FACTORS.
43. IT INVOLVES COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
TWO OR MORE SAMPLE OF STUDY SUBJECT ON
ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OFTEN AT A SINGLE
POINT OF TIME.
44. THIS IS A NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, WHERE
RESEARCHER EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES IN A
NATURAL SETTING WITH OUT MANIPULATION
OF CONTROL.
45. THE RESEARCHER FIND THE STRENGTH OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES.
GENERALLY IT HAS INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES EFFECT OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS OBSERVE WITH OUT
MANIPULATING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
SOME TIMES IDENTIFICATION OF DEPENDENT
AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
IT FINDED BY USING CORRELATION AND
CO- EFFEFIENT
46. HERE THE RESEARCHER RELATES THE PRESENT
TO THE FUTURE IS A PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN.
RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
HERE THE RESEARCHER STUDIES THE CURRENT
PHENOMENON BY SEEKING INFORMATION FROM
PAST.
47. IT EXAMINES THE PHENOMENON WITH
REFERANCE TO TIME.
48. CROSS SECTION DESIGN
IN WHICH RESEARCHER COLLECT DATA AT
PARTICULAR TIME (ONE PERIOD OF DATA
COLLECTION) IT IS MORE CONVENIENT.
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
HERE THE DATACOLLECT AT LONG TIME( LONG
TIME STUDY).
IT HAS THREE TYPES;
TREND STUDIES
PANEL STUDIES
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
49. IT INVOLVES INVESTIGATE THE DISTRIBUTION
AND CAUSES OF THE DISEASES IN POPULATION.
THE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE KNOW AS
COHORT STUDY AND RETROSPETIVE STUDIES
ARE KNOW AS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES.
50. COHORT STUDIES
HERE THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH IS USED
TO INVESTICATE THE DISEASES AND CAUSES.
CASE CONTROL STUDIES
IN THIS DESIGN, CAUSES OF A DISEASE ARE
INVESTIGATED AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF A
DISEASE.
51. IF THE SURVEY IS CONDUCTED ON A SAMPLE OF
POPULATION, IT IS CALLED SAMPLE SURVEY.
IF THE ENTIRE POPULATION IS INVOVLED, IT IS
CALLED A POPULATION SURVEY SUCH AS
CENSUSES, ECT.,
52. DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF PHENOMENON
UNDER STUDY.
BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
53. ADVANTAGES
IT IS A CONVENIENT
METHOD.
SUITABLE FOR
NURSING RESEARCH.
IT IS SIMPLE.
LOW COST COMPARE
TO EXPERIMENT.
THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN VARIABLES
FINDING IS NEVER
CLEAR.
IT HAS MORE ERROR
NON RANDOMIZED
METHOD WILL
RESULTING IN ERROR.
DISADVANTAGES
54. METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
META –ANALYSIS
SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
OUTCOME RESEARCH
EVALUATION STUDIES
OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
