An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Experimental Research Design (True, Quasi and Pre Experimental Design)Alam Nuzhathalam
Experimental Research Design., Introduction, Definition, Characteristics and Classification (True Experimental Research Design, Quasi Experimental Research Design and Pre Experimental Research Design)..
Experimental Research Design (True, Quasi and Pre Experimental Design)Alam Nuzhathalam
Experimental Research Design., Introduction, Definition, Characteristics and Classification (True Experimental Research Design, Quasi Experimental Research Design and Pre Experimental Research Design)..
: A Research design is a logical and systemic plan prepared for directing research. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations.
Personality in Psychology
An overview of Personality, Definition of Personality , Nature and Determinants of Personality , Types of Personality, Theories of Personality and Measurement of Personality
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness)Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness). IMNCI - Introduction, Objectives, Components, Principles, Case Management Process - Assess, classify, identify and treat the sick child age up to 2 months and 2 months up to 5 years, F-IMNCI and C-IMNCI.
Sampling Techniques and Sampling Methods (Sampling Types - Probability Sampli...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Sampling Techniques or Sampling Methods or Sampling Types (Probability Sampling: Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Multi Stage Sampling and Non Probability Sampling: Convenience Sampling, Quota Sampling,Judgmental Sampling,Self Selection Sampling,Snow Ball Sampling) Sampling Errors and Non Sampling Errors..
Play in Children or Play Therapy (Importance of Play, Functions of Play, Age-Related Play, Categories of Play, Types of Play, Selection, Safety and Guidelines)..
Preventive Pediatrics (MCH, RCH, ICDS, Underfive Clinic, BFHI and School Heal...Alam Nuzhathalam
Preventive Pediatrics (MCH, RCH, ICDS, BFHI Maternal and Child Health, Reproductive and Child Health, Integrated Child Development Services, Underfive Clinic, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and School Health Service)..
Program Evaluation Review Technique, GANTT Chart and Benchmarking. PERT (Introduction, Definition Construction of network diagram and Process)., GANTT Chart (Introduction, Definition, Purpose and Steps)., BENCHMARKING (Introduction, Definition, Process and Types)..
Human Resource Management or Human Resource
Introduction, Definition, Human Resource Management Activities, Concepts and Functions of Human Resource Management..
An overview of Child Welfare Services (ICDS, Mid Day Meal Program, Balwadi Program, Anganwadi Program, Day Care Center's and New Parent Support Program)..
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Introduction:
▪ Research approach and research design are two
terms that are frequently used interchangeably.
▪ A research design is the frame work or guide used
for the planning, implementation, and analysis of a
study.
▪ It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it
will be done, how the data will be analyzed.
▪ Research design basically provides an outline of how
the research will be carried out and methods that
will be used.
2Alam Nuzhathalam
3. Definition:
➢ A research design is a broad plan that states objectives
of research project and provides the guidelines what is
to be done to realise those objectives.
➢ It is a plan structured and strategy of investigation of
answering the research question
➢ It is a over all plan or blue print, the researcher select
to carry out their study.
➢ It is a master plan for executing a research project.
Purpose:
◦ To provide answer to the research question
◦ To control the variants
3Alam Nuzhathalam
4. Time
◦ Frequency (How often, when observation done)
Setting
◦ Natural or laboratory setting
Subject
◦ Individual who take part in study or who will be
observed
Variables
◦ Focus on study
Investigator Role
◦ In some condition unobstructive, or allocate
participant to different condition.
4Alam Nuzhathalam
8. It is a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are used to obtain
information.
Uses:
➢ To describe variables
➢ To examine relationship among variables
➢ To determine cause and effect interaction
between variables
8Alam Nuzhathalam
9. ▪ Experimental is most scientifically
sophisticated research method.
▪ Experimental research design are concerned
with examination of the effect of independent
variable on the dependent variable where the
independent variable is manipulated through
treatment or interventions and the effect of
those interventions is observed on the
dependent variable.
9Alam Nuzhathalam
10. Randomization
Control Manipulation
Type I Type II Type III
True Experimental
❖ Pre Test Post Test
Control Group
❖ Post Test only
Group
❖ Solomon 4 Group
Quasi Experimental
❖ Non Equivalent
Control Group
❖ Time Series
❖ Multiple Time
Series
Pre-Experimental
❖ One Shot Case
Study
❖ One Group Pre-
Test Post-Test
❖ Static Group
Comparison
10Alam Nuzhathalam
12. Participant being assigned to either receive
experimental group or not receive control
group.
Methods:
◦ Lottery method/Slip of paper
◦ Flip a coin/Tossing a coin
◦ Random table
12Alam Nuzhathalam
13. Manipulation is the process of maneuvering the
intervention (Teaching programme, Pamphlet,
PTP & Brochures) so that is effect on the
dependent variable can be observed/measure.
It refers to conscious control of the independent
variable by the researcher through treatment or
intervention to observe its effect on the
dependent variable
Independent Variable – Medication
Dependent Variable - Pain Level
13Alam Nuzhathalam
14. Control refers to the use of control group and
controlling the effects of extraneous variables on
the dependent variable in which the researcher is
interested.
It refers to a group of subjects whose
performance is used to evaluate the performance
of experimental group.
The subject in the control and experimental
groups are similar in number & characteristics
but the subjects in the control group do not
receive experimental treatment or any
intervention.
14Alam Nuzhathalam
16. In these experiment the researcher conducts
experimental group and control group.
Individuals in the experimental group receive
the experimental treatment where as those in
the control group do not.
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
16Alam Nuzhathalam
17. In these experiment the researcher assign
participants and conduct experimental group
and control group. Researcher conduct only
post test study where experimental group
receive intervention and control group not.
R Exp
R
Post-test
Post-test
17Alam Nuzhathalam
18. ➢ It is a standard pretest post test two group
design and two group post test design. The
various combination and untested groups
with treatment and control group.
R Exp
R
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
Post-test
Post-test
18Alam Nuzhathalam
20. In these experiment the researcher
conducts experimental group and control
group. Researcher conduct two groups with
out randomiation.
R Exp
R
Pre-test Post-test
Pre-test Post-test
20Alam Nuzhathalam
21. Researcher in which measurement of the same
variables are taken at different points of time
R ExpPre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
1
21Alam Nuzhathalam
22. A series of quasi experimental design where as a
series of periodic measurement is taken from
units (Experimental and control).
R Exp
R
Pre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
1
Pre-test
1
Pre-test
2
Pre-test
3
Post-test
2
Post-test
3
Post-test
1
22Alam Nuzhathalam
24. This design, fail to include a control and
randomization. A single group is often studied
but no comparison.
R Exp Post-test
24Alam Nuzhathalam
25. A type of pre-experimental design where
pre-test and post-test are taken with
intervention but fails to include
randomization and control.
R ExpPre-test Post-test
25Alam Nuzhathalam
26. In these static group comparison design there
will be two groups. Give intervention to one
group and give post test to two groups.
Exp
Post-test
Post-test
26Alam Nuzhathalam
28. Intended to describe
Effective when the are has been previously
studied
Describe attitude, behaviour or other
characteristics of a group
Does not involve manipulation of variable
(Independent Variable)
Uses: Provide data for initial investigation of data
Typical Analysis: Graph, Chart & Table
Example: “How much do college students exercise”
28Alam Nuzhathalam
29. 29
DEVELOPMENTAL
2. Longitudinal
Researcher collect
data from the
same group at
different point of
time
4. Prospective
Begin with an
exploration of
assumed cause and
than forward in the
time to be presumed
effect
3. Retrospective
Begin with
phenomena of
interest in the present
and examination
relationship to
another variable in
the past
1. Cross Sectional
Data are collected
on only one
occasion with the
same subjects
Alam Nuzhathalam
30. Very popular method, mostly used in descriptive
studies
It is used to learn about attitude belief opinion
behaviour etc
Standardized data collection method
Asking Structured Questions: Telephone, face to face & Print/on-
line surveys.
Techniques: Questions, Interviews and Survey
Advantages: Efficiency cost effectiveness, small sample provide
reliable result and generalization
30Alam Nuzhathalam
31. Beyond relationship it describe cause and
effect.
Types:
◦ 1. Ex Post Facto &
◦ 2. Correlation
1. Ex Post Facto:
◦ In these, researcher first observes an effect and
then tries to define the cause
Data collected after the act
Relies on observation of relationship between naturally
occurring differences in the intervention and outcomes
31Alam Nuzhathalam
32. 2. Correlation:
Researchers measure two variables and assess the
statistical relationship. Relationship between two
variables
Positive Correlation: Increase in one variable associated
with increase in the other variable. Example., Age
Increases Weight Increases
Negative Correlation: Increase in one variable associate
with decrease in other variable. Example., Train speed
increase, duration decrease
Zero Correlation: No meaningful relationship Example.,
Amount of tea drink and level of intelligence
32Alam Nuzhathalam
33. It allows us to calculate the value one variable
(Criterion variable) related in another variable
(Predictive variable)
It allow us to make estimate
Typical Analysis: Regression
Example:
◦ Criterion Variable : Intermediate
◦ Predictive Variable : College
◦ “Which Intermediate applicants should be admitted
to college”
33Alam Nuzhathalam
34. Investigate the degree to which variation in
one variable related in another variable.
Mainly it shows the relationship between
variables
Typical Analysis: Correlation
Example: Age and Weight
34Alam Nuzhathalam
36. It is a scientific method of observation to gather
non-numerical data, while focusing on meaning
making.
This often occurs through case study, personal
experience, introspection, life story, cultural along
with observational, historical etc.
Qualitative research design varies depending upon
the method used; participant observations, in-
depth interviews i.e., face to face or on the
telephone), and focus groups are all examples of
methodologies which may be considered during
qualitative research.
Alam Nuzhathalam 36
37. This research involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote (or) recent past.
It shows patterns that occurred in the past and
over time which can help us to see where came
from and what kind of solutions we have used
in the past. How we examine current events
and educational practices.
Steps:
❖Identification of research problem
❖Systematic collection and identification of data
❖Synthesis of information
❖Interpreting and drawing conclusions
Alam Nuzhathalam 37
38. ❖ Identification of a shared experience
❖ Attempt to locate essence of an experience
❖ What was experienced and how he/she experienced it
❖ Study of the lived experience of persons
❖ Attempt to locate universal nature of an experience.
It is an inductive, descriptive research approach
developed from phenomenological philosophy, its
aim is to describe an experience as it is actually
lived by the person. They are based in a paradigm
of a personal knowledge and subjectivity, and
emphasize the importance of personal perspective
and interpretation.
Alam Nuzhathalam 38
39. It is an art and science of describing a
group/culture.
It refer to the investigation of a culture through
an in-depth study of the members of the culture;
it involves the systematic collection, description
and analysis of data for development of theories
of cultural behaviour.
It studies people ethnic groups and other ethnic
formations their ethno genesis, composition
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as
well as their material and spiritual culture.
Alam Nuzhathalam 39
40. The researcher shed light on a phenomenon
by studying in depth a single case. The case
can be an individual person, an event a
group or an institution.
It is an depth investigation of a single entity
or small number of entities, which could be
individual, family, group, institution,
community or other social unit.
Alam Nuzhathalam 40
41. It operates almost in a reverse fashion from
traditional research and at first may appear to
be in contradiction to the scientific method
STAGES:
Alam Nuzhathalam 41
4. THEORY
Collection of explanations
that explain the subject of
the research
2. CONCEPTS
Collection of codes of
similar content that allows
data to be gathered
3. CATEGORIES
Broad groups of similar
concepts that are used to
generate a theory
1. CODES
Identify anchors that
allow the key points of
the data to be gathered.