Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Sheep named Dolly was cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a mammary (Udder) cell of an adult sheep into an egg cell.
mammary cell
Nucleus
insert into
a egg cell
First demonstration of pluripotency (totipotency) of a nucleus of a differentiated adult cell.
Cloning of dolly somatic cell nuclei
clone cattle, sheep, goats, pigs.
nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
Adult donor cells from a variety of cell types(mammary epithelial and ovarian cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) are isolated
Cultured and genetically modified methods.
individual donor cells are fused to an enucleated oocyte with short-duration electric pulse.
eg: two 2.5 kilovolt /cm pulses for 10microseconds
Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
The pulses simultaneously induce cell fusion and oocyte activation.
Blastocyst stage before transferred into the uterus of a pseudopregant female.
Confirmed transgene at the time of birth
Surviving animals produced by nuclear transfer are healthy.
There, is a substantial loss of individual before and after birth some of the cloned animals display abnormalities.
Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
Dna methylation and histone modification of the original donor cell is inappropriate maintained in the cells of the recipient animals.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Organ culture involves maintaining small fragments of whole organs or tissues in culture media while retaining their three-dimensional structure and spatial distribution of cells. There are several methods of organ culture including culturing on plasma clots, agar, liquid media, or raft methods. Organ culture has various applications and allows studying cell interactions in a way that mimics the in vivo organ. It is currently being used to develop replacement organs and tissues for applications such as growing bladders, lungs, and heart patches. While progress is being made, developing fully functional human organs remains a challenge.
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes into animal cells, including viral and non-viral approaches. Viral methods use viruses like adenovirus to transfer genes, while non-viral methods include biochemical techniques like calcium phosphate transfection, lipid-mediated transfection using lipofectamine, and physical methods like microinjection, particle bombardment/gene guns, ultrasound, and electroporation. The document provides detailed protocols for lipid-mediated transfection and some of the other non-viral methods.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Sheep named Dolly was cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a mammary (Udder) cell of an adult sheep into an egg cell.
mammary cell
Nucleus
insert into
a egg cell
First demonstration of pluripotency (totipotency) of a nucleus of a differentiated adult cell.
Cloning of dolly somatic cell nuclei
clone cattle, sheep, goats, pigs.
nuclear transfer procedures are similar.
Adult donor cells from a variety of cell types(mammary epithelial and ovarian cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) are isolated
Cultured and genetically modified methods.
individual donor cells are fused to an enucleated oocyte with short-duration electric pulse.
eg: two 2.5 kilovolt /cm pulses for 10microseconds
Used to fuse adult cattle fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes.
The pulses simultaneously induce cell fusion and oocyte activation.
Blastocyst stage before transferred into the uterus of a pseudopregant female.
Confirmed transgene at the time of birth
Surviving animals produced by nuclear transfer are healthy.
There, is a substantial loss of individual before and after birth some of the cloned animals display abnormalities.
Abnormlities such as increased birth weight.
Dna methylation and histone modification of the original donor cell is inappropriate maintained in the cells of the recipient animals.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Organ culture involves maintaining small fragments of whole organs or tissues in culture media while retaining their three-dimensional structure and spatial distribution of cells. There are several methods of organ culture including culturing on plasma clots, agar, liquid media, or raft methods. Organ culture has various applications and allows studying cell interactions in a way that mimics the in vivo organ. It is currently being used to develop replacement organs and tissues for applications such as growing bladders, lungs, and heart patches. While progress is being made, developing fully functional human organs remains a challenge.
1. Biopharming involves the production of therapeutic proteins through transgenic animals and offers advantages over conventional production methods like lower costs, higher yields, and proper post-translational modifications.
2. The mammary gland is often used for expression since milk can be easily collected and purified. Therapeutic proteins are commonly expressed at grams per liter of milk.
3. While biopharming has promise, challenges remain around low success rates, animal health issues, and concerns about transgene escape into the environment. Ongoing work aims to improve efficiency and safety.
This document discusses various methods for transferring genes into animal cells, including viral and non-viral approaches. Viral methods use viruses like adenovirus to transfer genes, while non-viral methods include biochemical techniques like calcium phosphate transfection, lipid-mediated transfection using lipofectamine, and physical methods like microinjection, particle bombardment/gene guns, ultrasound, and electroporation. The document provides detailed protocols for lipid-mediated transfection and some of the other non-viral methods.
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
The document discusses transgenic mice and fish. It defines transgenic animals as those permanently engineered through gene insertion. Methods to create transgenic mice include retroviral vectors, DNA microinjection into pronuclei, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice have aided research in many areas. Transgenic fish are also discussed, including important salmon and tilapia examples. Gene flow and food safety are concerns for transgenic animals.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONINGSrishtiRoy10
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Animal cell culture media typically contain energy sources like glucose, amino acids as nitrogen sources, vitamins, inorganic salts, fatty acids, antibiotics, growth factors, and hormones. Most media also require an incubator to maintain optimal temperature, pH, osmolality, and gaseous environment for cell growth. Cell cultures can be grown adhered to surfaces or in suspension, and may have limited or continuous proliferation. Common applications of animal cell culture include vaccine production, cancer research, pharmaceutical drug production, and studying nerve cell function.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome using recombinant DNA methodology. The first transgenic mice were created in 1980, and the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, was born in 1996. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals produce useful products like monoclonal antibodies, blood clotting factors, and human milk proteins. They are used for medical research, toxicology studies, pharmaceutical production, and analyzing gene expression regulation. However, some ethical concerns exist regarding animal suffering during transgenic research experiments.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
This document discusses stem cell culture and provides definitions, classifications, and methods for culturing different types of stem cells. It summarizes the history of stem cell research from 1981 to present. It describes embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells including bone marrow and umbilical cord stem cells. Methods are outlined for isolating and culturing stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord. Advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell sources are compared.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
Ethical issues related to transgenic animalsmahathiviji
This document discusses the ethical issues related to transgenic animals. It begins by defining ethics, bioethics, and the two types of genetic modification - altering genes normally present or transferring genes between individuals. Genetic modification of animals is used to help research human diseases, develop new drugs, provide transplant tissues/organs, and enhance livestock. However, this raises ethical concerns like unpredictable ecosystem impacts, animal welfare issues, risks to human and environmental health, "playing God", and religious concerns over gene transfers between species. The document also discusses regulation bodies like GEAC and issues around patents and biopiracy of genetically modified organisms.
Transgenic pigs have been developed through inserting foreign DNA into pig genomes using various techniques. Pigs are useful biomedical models because their physiology is similar to humans. Transgenic pigs have been created for various purposes, such as producing human proteins in their milk or blood, modeling human diseases, producing organs for xenotransplantation, and reducing phosphorus pollution through modified digestion of phytates. Genetic engineering of pigs continues to be studied for applications in biomedicine and agriculture.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Reporter genes are genes that produce easily detectable and quantifiable proteins to track the expression of other genes. Common reporter genes include GFP, luciferase, CAT, and β-galactosidase. Reporter genes are used to study gene expression patterns, monitor plant transformation, and study regulatory elements. There are two main types of reporter genes - scorable markers, which produce a quantifiable phenotype, and selectable markers, which allow cells to survive under selective conditions using antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses transgenic animals. It begins with definitions of transgenic animals as having foreign genes deliberately inserted into their genomes. Examples are given of transgenic fish, sheep, cows, and mice. The methodology of producing transgenic animals is described in 4 steps: constructing the transgene, introducing the foreign gene, screening for transgenic positives, and further breeding. Methods like pronuclear microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cells are outlined. Importance and issues are briefly mentioned before concluding.
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
Gene transfer methods in animals can be natural or artificial. Natural methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction which transfer genes between bacteria. Artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, liposome mediated transfer, calcium phosphate mediated transfer, and electroporation are used to directly insert genes into cells. These techniques transfer genes into organisms for genetic engineering applications such as producing transgenic animals, developing vaccines, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
The document discusses transgenic mice and fish. It defines transgenic animals as those permanently engineered through gene insertion. Methods to create transgenic mice include retroviral vectors, DNA microinjection into pronuclei, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice have aided research in many areas. Transgenic fish are also discussed, including important salmon and tilapia examples. Gene flow and food safety are concerns for transgenic animals.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
RETROVIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION CLONINGSrishtiRoy10
- The retroviral virion is a spherical particle 80-100 nm in diameter composed of a lipid bilayer envelope containing glycoproteins and a capsid containing two copies of the viral RNA genome and enzymes.
- Retroviruses replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA which is then integrated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme to become a provirus, allowing transcription of viral genes.
- Retrovirus mediated gene transfer involves the virus producing a DNA copy of its genome using reverse transcriptase, with the DNA then integrating randomly into the host cell genome, allowing investigation of gene function.
Animal cell culture media typically contain energy sources like glucose, amino acids as nitrogen sources, vitamins, inorganic salts, fatty acids, antibiotics, growth factors, and hormones. Most media also require an incubator to maintain optimal temperature, pH, osmolality, and gaseous environment for cell growth. Cell cultures can be grown adhered to surfaces or in suspension, and may have limited or continuous proliferation. Common applications of animal cell culture include vaccine production, cancer research, pharmaceutical drug production, and studying nerve cell function.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome using recombinant DNA methodology. The first transgenic mice were created in 1980, and the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep, was born in 1996. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Transgenic animals produce useful products like monoclonal antibodies, blood clotting factors, and human milk proteins. They are used for medical research, toxicology studies, pharmaceutical production, and analyzing gene expression regulation. However, some ethical concerns exist regarding animal suffering during transgenic research experiments.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
This document discusses stem cell culture and provides definitions, classifications, and methods for culturing different types of stem cells. It summarizes the history of stem cell research from 1981 to present. It describes embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells including bone marrow and umbilical cord stem cells. Methods are outlined for isolating and culturing stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord. Advantages and disadvantages of different stem cell sources are compared.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene inactivated through replacement or disruption with artificial DNA. This allows researchers to study the function of that gene. The technique was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology. The procedure involves isolating the target gene, engineering a modified DNA sequence, introducing this into embryonic stem cells, and implanting the modified stem cells into mouse blastocysts. This generates chimeric mice that can pass the modified gene to offspring. Knockout mice provide insights into gene function in humans and are used as models for diseases. They also enable drug and therapy testing, though some genes cause developmental issues if knocked out.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
Ethical issues related to transgenic animalsmahathiviji
This document discusses the ethical issues related to transgenic animals. It begins by defining ethics, bioethics, and the two types of genetic modification - altering genes normally present or transferring genes between individuals. Genetic modification of animals is used to help research human diseases, develop new drugs, provide transplant tissues/organs, and enhance livestock. However, this raises ethical concerns like unpredictable ecosystem impacts, animal welfare issues, risks to human and environmental health, "playing God", and religious concerns over gene transfers between species. The document also discusses regulation bodies like GEAC and issues around patents and biopiracy of genetically modified organisms.
Transgenic pigs have been developed through inserting foreign DNA into pig genomes using various techniques. Pigs are useful biomedical models because their physiology is similar to humans. Transgenic pigs have been created for various purposes, such as producing human proteins in their milk or blood, modeling human diseases, producing organs for xenotransplantation, and reducing phosphorus pollution through modified digestion of phytates. Genetic engineering of pigs continues to be studied for applications in biomedicine and agriculture.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Reporter genes are genes that produce easily detectable and quantifiable proteins to track the expression of other genes. Common reporter genes include GFP, luciferase, CAT, and β-galactosidase. Reporter genes are used to study gene expression patterns, monitor plant transformation, and study regulatory elements. There are two main types of reporter genes - scorable markers, which produce a quantifiable phenotype, and selectable markers, which allow cells to survive under selective conditions using antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses transgenic animals. It begins with definitions of transgenic animals as having foreign genes deliberately inserted into their genomes. Examples are given of transgenic fish, sheep, cows, and mice. The methodology of producing transgenic animals is described in 4 steps: constructing the transgene, introducing the foreign gene, screening for transgenic positives, and further breeding. Methods like pronuclear microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cells are outlined. Importance and issues are briefly mentioned before concluding.
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
A transgenic animal is one that has had foreign DNA inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene. Transgenic animals are created through pronuclear microinjection or stem cell methods. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, some argue that transgenic technology raises ethical issues.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and goats. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are screened for the inserted gene and used to study gene functions, create disease models, and produce therapeutic products. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Issues include potential health and environmental risks of transgenic organisms.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and fish. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene functions, developing disease models, and producing therapeutic products. Issues include potential health and environmental risks. Recent research has produced bioluminescent mouse models and transgenic goats engineered to produce human breast milk components. Transgenic technology holds promise but requires responsible research and oversight.
1. A transgenic animal is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene.
2. There are three main steps to creating a transgenic animal: construction of the transgene, introduction of the gene into the animal, and screening progeny for integration of the gene. Methods like pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation are used.
3. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. They are used as disease models, to produce pharmaceuticals, for improved food production, and to test chemicals.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene from other species into a living organism so that it exhibits a new property and transmits it to offspring, making them transgenic. There are three main methods - DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. The first involves microinjecting DNA into reproductive cells, the second uses retroviruses to insert genes into host cells, and the third inserts genes into embryonic stem cells then implants them into embryos. Transgenic animals have applications like producing pharmaceuticals in their milk or blood, growing larger for food, or serving as disease models to benefit human health.
Transgenic animals are produced by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Since then, various methods have been used to generate transgenic fish, livestock, and other species. Transgenic animals have applications in biomedical research, agriculture, and industry. They can serve as models for human disease or help produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. However, transgenesis also carries risks if the inserted gene has unintended effects on the animal's development or physiology.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Transgenic animals are created through genetic engineering by introducing foreign genes into the animal's genome. This allows the animal to produce proteins it would not normally make. Methods for creating transgenic animals include microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals have various applications including serving as disease models, producing pharmaceuticals in their milk (transpharmers), providing organs or tissues for transplantation (xenotransplantation), and enhancing food production. However, transgenic animal research also raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare and the environmental impacts of genetic modification.
Transgenic animals are animals whose DNA has been altered by the addition of foreign genes that induce the expression of new or modified traits. Key methods for creating transgenic animals include microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs and embryonic stem cell manipulation. Transgenic animals have various applications including serving as disease models, producing pharmaceuticals in their milk (transpharming), and providing organs/tissues for transplantation (xenotransplantation). While transgenic research holds promise for advancing medicine and agriculture, it also raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare and unintended environmental consequences. Oversight aims to ensure research is conducted humanely.
This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
Transgenic animals are created by introducing genes from other species into their genomes. This is done by microinjecting a cloned gene into a fertilized egg, implanting the egg into a female, and breeding the offspring to establish new genetic lines. Transgenic animals are produced for various purposes like studying gene expression and function, producing pharmaceutical proteins from milk or other tissues, and creating disease models for research. The mouse was the first transgenic animal created using microinjection techniques that are now commonly used to generate transgenic lines for research.
Transgenic pigs are genetically engineered to have desired traits. There are several methods used to create transgenic pigs, including microinjection of DNA into pig zygotes, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic pigs are studied as models for human diseases and could potentially be a source of organs for xenotransplantation. Key applications include using transgenic pigs to study cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, and as potential donors for heart transplants.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
This document defines transgenic animals and discusses their production and applications. Transgenic animals are organisms whose genomes have been altered through genetic engineering techniques like microinjection to introduce foreign DNA. The document outlines the history of transgenic animals, dating back to 1981, and describes common gene transfer methods like calcium phosphate precipitation and electroporation. It provides examples of transgenic animals like cows that produce more milk, faster growing salmon, and mice used as models for human diseases. Potential advantages are discussed, such as accelerating animal breeding and increasing farm yields, as well as disadvantages like possible spread of diseases from transgenic animals.
It's include all the details about the transgenic technology.all the techniques like micro injection,SCNT,pro nuclear injection method.It include all the Transgenic mice bird and fish.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene. There are two main methods for creating transgenic animals - pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine as disease models, in agriculture to improve crop yields, and in industry for toxicity testing. They require careful maintenance and ethical oversight.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that recognize a specific antigen. They have several benefits over conventional chemotherapy for cancer treatment, including homogeneity, specificity, and higher efficacy. mAbs can directly induce cancer cell death or be modified to deliver toxins, radioisotopes, or cytokines to cancer cells. Common mechanisms of action include making cancer cells more visible to the immune system, blocking growth signals, stopping new blood vessel formation, and delivering radiation to cancer cells. Examples of FDA-approved mAb drugs and the cancers they treat are provided.
this presentation is about famous mathematician and scientist " PYTHAGORAS".
this will helps you in project , assignment , lecture , general knowledge etc .
This document discusses various methods of food preservation including bottling, canning, pickling, salting, vacuum packing, waxing, smoking, pasteurization, drying, cooling, freezing, and irradiation. It provides details on how each method works to prevent microbial growth and food spoilage by removing moisture, oxygen, or heat-treating foods. The purpose of food preservation is to retain foods for longer periods without contamination and loss of quality in order to reduce waste and have access to foods out of season.
This document discusses monoclonal antibody production and applications. It begins by defining monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, noting that monoclonal antibodies are identical because they are derived from a single parent cell. It then covers the history of monoclonal antibody development, the monoclonal antibody production method involving mouse immunization and cell fusion, and the types and uses of monoclonal antibodies including diagnostic and cancer treatment applications. Potential side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy are also mentioned.
Golden rice is a genetically engineered variety of rice that produces beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the edible endosperm. It was developed in the 1990s to help address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. The rice was engineered by introducing two new genes, psy and crt1, which produce enzymes for the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. Golden rice aims to provide a sustainable and cost-effective solution to prevent vitamin A deficiency and associated health issues. However, some concerns remain regarding allergies, environmental impacts, and cultural acceptance.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that recognize a specific antigen. They have several benefits over conventional chemotherapy for cancer treatment, including homogeneity, specificity, and fewer side effects. mAbs can directly induce cancer cell death or be modified to deliver toxins, radioisotopes, or cytokines to cancer cells. However, limitations remain including low uptake by tumors and high production costs.
Genomic libraries contain DNA fragments representing an organism's entire genome. They are created through molecular cloning by isolating genomic DNA, fragmenting it, inserting the fragments into vectors, and introducing the vectors into bacteria. This collection of cloned DNA fragments comprises the genomic library and allows researchers to identify and study specific genes of interest. Shotgun sequencing is an alternative approach that involves randomly fragmenting genomic DNA and determining the nucleotide sequence of each fragment to reconstruct the full genome sequence computationally.
The document lists various enzymes and their sources and applications in different industries such as baking, biofuels, infant foods, brewing, fruit juices, dairy, detergents, meat, and paper and pulp. It also provides formulas for general enzyme bases that can be used in cosmetic products and dishwashing liquids. Finally, it discusses attributes of different types of dishwashing liquids and functions and potential materials for a shampoo system profile.
RFLP DNA molecular testing and DNA typing involves analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms and variable number tandem repeats to perform genetic testing and DNA analysis. Some key applications include mapping chromosomes, identifying different gene forms, prenatal and newborn genetic screening, population studies, locating genes associated with diseases, and DNA typing for paternity testing and forensics. The cystic fibrosis gene was isolated using a positional cloning approach that first identified RFLP markers linked to the gene, localized it to chromosome 7, and then cloned the DNA between flanking markers to identify defects in the CF gene.
This document presents an overview of bioremediation and the enzymes used. It discusses how bacteria, fungi, and plant enzymes are involved in biodegrading toxic pollutants. Major enzymes discussed include lignin peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase. Advantages of bioremediation are that it is relatively inexpensive and doesn't require removing contaminated soil. Limitations include difficulty controlling bacteria and limited effectiveness on non-biodegradable compounds.
This document discusses various proteolytic enzymes, including papain, ficain, bromelain, pepsin, rennin, cathepsin, and trypsin. It defines proteolytic enzymes as enzymes that degrade proteins and describes them as mixtures of endopeptidases and exopeptidases. It provides details on the sources and applications of each enzyme. The applications discussed include meat tenderizing, cell culture, cheese production, protein digestion, and more.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
3. A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene
that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the
animal , so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of
fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic
profiles which are useful to mankind.
4. Transgenic animals are the genetically modified
organisms which have a foreign gene in their
genome due to which they show certain properties
which are different from non- genetically modified
organisms. For Example :
Glow fish as pets.
Sheep with more wool.
Cow producing more milk with lower
cholesterol.
7. Example – “Dolly”
(sheep)
Dolly was a
female domestic sheep,
and the
first mammal cloned from
an adult somatic cell,
using the process
of nuclear transfer. Born5
July 1996
She was cloned by Sir
Ian Wilmut, Keith
Campbell and colleagues
at the Roslin Institute,
part of the University of
Edinburgh, Scotland.
8. First transgenic animal
was a “Supermouse”
created by ‘Ralph
Brinster’ and ‘Richard
Palmiter’ In 1982.
It was created by
inserting a human
growth hormone gene in
mouse genome.
The offspring was
much larger than the
parents.
Example –
“supermouse”
10. Step 1- construction of a transgene.
Transgene made of three parts-
• Promoter
• Gene to be expressed
• Termination sequence
11. Step 2- Introduction of foreign gene into
the animal.
Pronuclear microinjection method.
Embryonic stem cell method.
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
method.
12. Step 3 – Screening for transgenic positives.
CONT…..
Transgenic progenies are screened by PCR to
examine the site of incorporation of the gene.
Some transgenes may not be expressed if
integrated into a transcriptionally inactive site.
Step 4 – Further animal breeding is done to obtain
maximal expression.
Heterozygous offspring's homozygous strains are
mated to form.
13. Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes
into animal genomes.
This can best be done at 4-16 cell stage embryos.
Completion of this process requires that the host cell
undergoes the S phase of the cell cycle. Therefore,
retroviruses effectively transduce only mitotically active
cells.
Very high rates of gene transfer are achieved with the
use of retroviruses.
14. Limitations on the size of the foreign DNA insert (usually 9 to
15 kb) transferred.
The genome of the retroviral strain can be integrated into the
same nucleus as the transgene. This means that the virus
itself could be produced by the transgenic organism and
create a problem especially if the animal will be used for
production of food.
Low copy number integration.
Additional steps required to produce retroviruses.
15. A female animal is superovulated
and eggs are collected.
The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
The transgene containing solution is
Injected into the male pronucleus.
Eggs with the transgenes are kept overnight in
an incubator
to develop.
The eggs are then implanted into the uterus of
a pseudo
pregnant female.
16. Because of the disadvantages of the retroviral vectors,
microinjection of DNA is currently the preferred method for
producing transgenic mice.
The mouse was the first animal to undergo successful gene
transfer using DNA microinjection .
This method involves:- transfer of a desired gene
constructed from another member in the same or different
species into the pronucleus of a reproductive cell.
Then it will be cultured in vitro until reaches embryonic phase
then transferred to the recipient cell.
17.
18. Transgenic animals can be created by manipulating embryonic
stem cell.
ES cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
Transgenic stem cells are grown in vitro.
Then they are inserted into a host uterus to grow normally.
Harvest the Inner Cell Mass (ICM) from 3 day old blastocysts.
Inject the transgenic ES cells into the blastocoele of a new 3-day old
host blastocyst .
19.
20.
21. •Growth hormone gene inserted into fertilized egg.
•Increased growth and size.
•Transgenic fish grows about 10-11 time faster than
normal fish.
Super fish
Glo fish
•Genetically modified zebra fish.
•Produced by integrating a fluorescent protein gene from
jelly fish into embryo of fish.
23. Onco mouse
•Mouse model to study cancer.
•Made by inserting activated oncogenes.
Alzheimer’s mouse
entangled in a protein called amyloid.
•Mouse made by introducing amyloid precursor gene into
fertilized egg of mice.
•In the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, dead nerve cells are
25. Enviro pig
•Pigs have trouble fully digesting a compound known as
phytate in many cereal grains used to feed them.
•Transgenic pigs are created by introducing phytase gene
of Ecoli.
•Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salivary gland
of pig.
•It degrades indigestible phytate with the release of
phosphate that is readily digested by pigs.
Pig for organ transplant
•Pigs with human genes, in order to decrease the chance
of organ rejection by human body.
28. “ANDI” was the first transgenic monkey, born in 2000.
ANDI proves that transgenic primates can be created
and can express a foreign gene delivered into their
genome.
29. “ROSIE” was the first transgenic cow , born in 1997.
Produced human protein enriched milk at 2.4g/lt contains
human gene Alpha lactalbumin.
30. Transgenic goats engineered to produce human
breast milk.
•University of California scientists created the transgenic
goats by transferring human genes for breast milk
enzymes and proteins into goat embryos.
•Produce 60% of the lysozyme and lactoferrin found in
human mother’s milk.
•For babies of mother’s who aren’t present or can’t nurse
them, milk from these transgenic goats could provide the
next best alternative.
31. Medical importance –
•Disease model.
•Xenotransplantation.
Agriculture importance –
•Disease resistant animals.
•For improving quality & quantity of milk, meat, eggs & wool
production.
Industrial importance –
•Toxicity sensitive transgenic animals to test chemicals.
•Spider silk in milk of goat.
32. There may be health risks associated with
transgenics.
Issues Related To
Transgenic Technology
There may be long term effects on the environment
when transgenic animals are released into the field.
Abnormalities suffered are more.
Reduced fertility.
Respiratory and circulatory problems.
Weak immune system.
33. With proper research and careful use the
transgenic animals can go a long way in solving
several problems for which science doesn't have
a solution till now.