The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps In Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And/Or Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explant Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
reference
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES CAN BE OBTAINED IN SEVERAL WAYS:
Physical fractionation .
Chemical appro ach
CENTRIFUGAL ELUTRIATION
Inhibition of DNA synthesis
Nutritional deprivation
SYNCHRONIZATION AT LOW TEMPERATURE
CELLULAR TOTIPOTENCY
SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF CELL SYNCHRONIZATION
REFERENCES
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES CAN BE OBTAINED IN SEVERAL WAYS:
Physical fractionation .
Chemical appro ach
CENTRIFUGAL ELUTRIATION
Inhibition of DNA synthesis
Nutritional deprivation
SYNCHRONIZATION AT LOW TEMPERATURE
CELLULAR TOTIPOTENCY
SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF CELL SYNCHRONIZATION
REFERENCES
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEED OF SYNCHRONIZATION
TYPES OF SYNCHRONIZATION
(I)PHYSICAL CELL SEPARATION
(II)BLOCKADE
PHYSICAL Vs BLOCKADE SYNCHRONIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFFERENCE
Hi, I am RAFi ,student of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Jashore university of science & Technology. It is my first uploading slide in slideshare.I am so glad for doing this work.
Gene transfer technology pharmacology biotechnology basic methods
Natural, physical, chemical methods of gene transfer.
Along with advantages and limitations, and applications.
BOC Sciences is a life science group with its headquarter in New York. We are dedicated to providing the most complete in vivo and in vitro nucleic acid and protein transfection solutions to support gene and cell therapy, biologics production, and life science research.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. INTRODUCTION
Gene transfer is to transfer a gene and DNA segments
from one organism to another.
This area of genetic manipulation makes
important contributions to domesticated animals
in relation to immunology, vaccines, aging, and
cancer.
Gene transfer represents a relatively new possibility
for the treatment of rare genetic disorders and
common multifactorial diseases by changing the
expression of a person's genes.
3. Gene transfer method in animals
There are four major strategies for gene transfer to
animal cells, two of which are considered :-
biological mechanisms using virus (transduction)
Virus (transduction); the transferred gene
represents part of the viral genome.
or bacterial that invade animal cells (bactofection)
Bacteria (bactofection); the gene will be
transferred as a plasmid.
Biochemical and physical methods which do not
involve infection thus termed transfection.
4. The gene transfer results can be transient and
stable transfection.
Transient transfection
In transient transfection, the transfected DNA is not
integrated into host chromosome. DNA is transferred
into a recipient cell in order to obtain a temporary but
high level of expression of the target gene.
Stable transfection
Stable transfection is also called permanent
transfection. By the stable transfection, the transferred
DNA is integrated (inserted) into chromosomal DNA
and the genetics of recipient cells is permanent
changed.
5. Non viral methods (Bio chemical and Physical methods)
Biochemical methods
Calcium phosphate method;
involves the formation of a fine DNA/calcium phosphate
co-precipitate which first settles on the cells and then
internalized by endocytosis.
The precipitate must be formed freshly at the time of
transfection.
The DNA escapes and reaches the nucleus and can be then
expressed.
Since the cells must be coated by the calcium complex,
monolayers of cells must be used for maximum efficiency.
However, this method gives only 1-2% transfection
efficiency.
6. DEAE-dextran mediated (diethylaminoethyloethyl-dextran)
There are three points that DEAE-dextran mediated transfection
differs from calcium phosphate coprecipitation.
(1) It is used for transient transfection.
(2) (2) It works more efficiently with cell lines of BSC-1, CV-1 and
COS, etc.
(3) (3) It is more sensitive.
protocols :-
(1) Harvest exponentially growing cells by trypsinization and transfer
then into 60-mm tissue culture dished at a density of 105 cells/dish.
(2) Add 5 ml complete growth medium.
(3) Incubate 24 hours at 37oC with 5% CO2.
(4) Prepare DNA/DEAE-dextran/TBS-D solution by mixing 2 mg of
superoiled plasmid DNA into 1 mg/ml DEAE-dextran in TBS-D.
(5) Remove medium and wash tree times with PBS and twice with
TBS-D.
7. DEAE-dextran mediated cont.
(6) Add DNA/DEAE-dextran/TBS-D solution 250 ml.
(7) Incubate 60 min at 37oC with 5% CO2.
(8) Remove DNA/DEAE-dextran/TBS-D solution.
(9) Wash with TBS-D three time and PBS twice.
(10) Add 5 ml medium supplemented with serum and chloroquine (0.1
mM).
(11) Incubate 4 hours at 37oC with 5% CO2.
(12) Remove medium.
(13)Wash with serum-free medium three times.
(14) Add to cells 5 ml of medium supplement with serum, and
incubate 48 hours at 37oC with 5% CO2.
(15) Harvest the cells after the 48 hours transfer-
ction.
(16) Analyze RNA or DNA by hybridization, or analyze expressed
protein by radiommunoassay, immunoblotting, immuniprecipitation,
or by enxzy moatic activity in cell extract.
8. Lipid mediated method
This method can be used for both transient and stable
transfection, and it can be used for adherent cells,
primary cell lines, and suspension cultures.
For the following protocol, the Lipofectamine
Reagent from Invitrogen Corporation will be used.
Lipofectamine Reagent is a 3:1 (w/w)
Liposome formulation of the plycationic lipid 2,3-
dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecardox-ido)ethyl]-N,N-
dimethyl-1-propanaminium trifluoro-acetate
(DOSPA) and the neutral lipid dioleoyl
phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) in membrane-
filtered water.
9. Lipid mediated method protocol :-
1) Put about 40,000 cells per well of a 24-well plate in 0.5 ml of the
appropriate complete growth medium (add 10% serum if it needs).
(2) Incubate the cells at 37oC in a CO2 incubator until the cells are 50-
80% confluent (about 20 hours, depending on the cells).
(3) Dilute 3 mg DNA into 25 ml medium without serum for each well
and mix.
(4) Dilute 3 ml Lipofectamine Reagent into 25 ml medium without
serum for each well and mix.
(5) Combine diluted DNA (Step 3) and Lipofect-amine Reagent (Step
4) and incubate at room temperature for 30 min. In this step the DNA-
liposome complexes are formed.
(6) Replace the medium in the cells with 0.2 ml transfection medium
without serum.
10. Lipid mediated method cont.
(7) Add 0.15 ml medium without serum to the tube containing the
complexes for each well.
(8) Incubate the cells with the complexes for about 10 hours at 37oC in a
CO2 incubator. The incubating time will be flexible by the cell type.
(9) Add 0.4 ml growth medium containing double the 2× normal
concentration of the serum without removing the transfection mixture.
(10) Replace the medium with fresh, complete medium at 20 hours
following the start of transfection if continued cell growth is required.
(11) Assay cell extracts for transient gene expression at 24-72 hours after
transfection, depending on the cell type and promoter activity.
(12) To obtain stable transfectants, passage the cells 1:10 into the selective
medium after 72 hours of transfection for the reporter gene transfected.
11. Physical method of gene transfer or transfection in
animal (Non viral methods)
In this method, naked DNA is deposited directly
into the cell by exploiting a physical force.
This includes
Microinjection
particle bombardment
ultrasound
electroporation
Which ever method used, the result is called
transformation which is a change in the
recipient cell’s genome caused by the acquired
transgene.
12. Microinjection
Direct transfer of DNA into the cell without a carrier is called DNA
microinjectin. This can only be done for only few cells at a time.
This technique is used mainly for large cells such as oocytes, eggs and the
cells of early embryos. The DNA can be directly injected into tissues, such
as skin, muscle or internal organs or it can be injected into the blood.
13. Particle bombardment or Gene gun (Biolistics)
Some cells, tissues and intracellular organelles are impermeable to foreign
DNA
To resolve this problem in gene transfer, the gene gun was made by Klein
at Cornell University in 1987.
The gene gun is part of the gene transfer method called the biolistic (also
known as biobalistic or particle bombardment) method.
In this method, DNA or RNA adhere to biological inert particles (such as
gold or tungsten).
By this method, DNA-particle complex is put on the top location of target
tissue in a vacuum condition and accelerated by powerful shot to the
tissue, then DNA will be effectively introduce into the target cells.
Uncoated metal particles could also be shot through a solution containing
DNA surrounding the cell thus picking up the genetic material and
proceeding into the living cells.
The efficiency of the gene gun transfer could be depended on the
following factors: cell type, cell growth condition, culture medium, gene
gun ammunition type, gene gun settings and the experimental experiences,
etc.
15. Ultrasound
Involves the exposure of cells to a rapidly
oscillating probe such as the tip of sonicator.
In this method the application of ultrasound
waves to a dish or cells or a particular tissue
results in the formation and collapse of bubbles in
the liquid, including the cell membrane, a process
known as cavitation.
The transient appearance of such cavities allows
the DNA to cross the membrane into the
cytoplasm. This method can be used both for in
vivo or in vitro as the plasmid DNA is left
structurally intact.
16. Electroporation
is a physical transfection technique involves creating transient
nano-meter size pores in the cell membrane by exposing cells to
a brief pulse of electricity. The most critical parameter is the
intensity and duration of electrical pulse.
Steps of the electroporation transfection:
(1) Harvest cells in the mid- to late-logarithmic phase of
growth.
(2) Centrifuge at 500 g (2000 rpm) for 5 min at 4oC.
(3) Resuspend cells in growth medium at concen-
tration of 1 X 107 cells/ml.
(4) Add 20 mg plasmid DNA in 40 ml cells.
(5) Electric transfect by 2.1 kV / 25uF for 2.6 milliseconds.
(6) Transfer the electroporated cells to culture dish and culture
the cells.
(7) Assay DNA, RNA or protein and continuously culture the
cells to get positive cell lines.
18. Biological mechanisms virus mediated gene transfer in
animals
Virus particles have a natural ability to adsorb to the surface of
the cells and gain entry. This can be exploited to deliver
recombinant DNA into animal cells.
Several classes of viruses has been used for gene transfer and
at least 8 has been used in clinical trials.
Transgenes may be incorporated into viral vectors either by
addition to the whole genome or by replacing one or more viral
genes. This can be done by ligation or by homologous
recombination.
If the transgene replaces a none essential gene the vector is
described as helper-independent
If it replaces an indispensable gene, then this vector will be
helper dependent.
It is generally recommended to use vectors from which all viral
coding sequences has been deleted such vectors are described
as fully deleted or gutted or gutless vectors.
These vectors contain just the cis-acting elements required for
packaging and for genome replication.
High capacity for foreign DNAbecause no viral gene products
are made, the vector has no intrinsic cytotoxic effects.
19. virus mediated gene transfer in animals cont.
Adeno virus
These are viruses with a linear, double stranded genome, of
approximately 36 kb. These are used frequently due to certain
advantages;
Stability
high capacity for foreign DNA
wide host range including none-dividing cells
Ability to produce high titer stocks up to 1011 pfu/ml
21. Adeno-associate virus (AAV)
These viruses are not genetically related to adenovirus but is so-
called because it was first discovered as a contaminant in an
adenovirus isolate.
The AAV is a single stranded DNA and is a member of the
parvovirus family.
It is naturally replicating deficient, thus it requires the presence
of another virus such as adenovirus to complete its infection
cycle. AAV replicates lytically and produces thousands of
progeny virions.
The dependence of AAV on a heterologous helper virus such as
adeno virus provides an unusual degree of control over vector
replication making AAV one of the safest vectors to use for
gene therapy.
Other advantages of this viral vector is the wide host range that
it exhibits including none dividing cells.
23. Method
The AAV genome is small (5 kb) and
comprises a central region containing rep (replicase)
and cap (capsid) genes flanked by 145 kb inverted
terminal repeats.
Foreign DNA replaces the cap region and gets
expressed by indigenous promoter. However rep
proteins might interfere with the expression process
thus responsible for some of the cytotoxic effects of
the virus.
Then virus is bind to host cell and use host cell
machinary and divide their viral genome.
And the viral genome codes the protein.
24. Baculovirus
Baculovirus promote high level of transgene
expression in insect cells but can also infect
mammalian cells.
Have rode shape capsid and large double-stranded
DNA genomes. They productively infect arthropods
particularly insects.
BV vectors are used mainly for high level transient
protein expression in insects and insect cells.
25. Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
The most useful vectors for the purpose of gene isolation are those that
lend themselves to the production of libraries consisting of
overlapping fragments of genomic DNA, ideally encompassing the
entire genome several times.
This can best be done at 4-16 cell stage embryos.
However, it can be done up to midgestation, but with
incomplete infections i.e low infectivity rate.
Immediately following infection, the retrovirus produces a
DNA copy of its RNA genome using its reverse
transcriptase.
Completion of this process requires that the host cell
undergoes the S phase of the cell cycle. Therefore,
retroviruses effectively transduce only mitotically active
cells.
Modifications to the retrovirus frequently consist of
removal of structural genes, such as gag, pol, and env,
which support viral particle formation.
26. Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer cont.
Additionally, most retroviruses and complementary lines
are ecotropic in that they infect only rodents, such as rats
and mice, and rodent cell lines rather than humans.
The DNA copy of the viral genome, or provirus, integrates
randomly into the host cell genome, usually without
deletions or rearrangements.
Because integration is not by way of homologous
recombination, this method is not used effectively for site-
directed mutagenesis.
Very high rates of gene transfer are achieved with the use
of retroviruses.