Golden rice is a genetically engineered variety of rice that produces beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the edible endosperm. It was developed in the 1990s to help address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. The rice was engineered by introducing two new genes, psy and crt1, which produce enzymes for the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. Golden rice aims to provide a sustainable and cost-effective solution to prevent vitamin A deficiency and associated health issues. However, some concerns remain regarding allergies, environmental impacts, and cultural acceptance.

2. PRESENTED BY :
SAURABH VERMA
MSc. (biotechnology)
ROLL.NO.- 16115
SEM – III
2018 -2019
GUIDED BY :
Dr. SANGEETA SAXENA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
B.B.A.U , LKO (U.P)

3.  Golden rice is avariety of Oryza
sativa rice produced fromgenetic
engineering
 Biofortification-noun. The creation
of plants that make or accumulate
micronutrients
 Main purpose is to provide pro-
vitamin Ato third world,developing,
countries where malnutrition and
vitamin Adeficiency are common

4.  Symptomsof vitamin Adeficiency (VAD)include; night blindness, increased
susceptibility to infection and cancer,anemia (lack of red blood cells or
hemoglobin), deterioration of the eyetissue, and cardiovascular disease
 Nearly 9 million children die from malnutrition each year.Alarge proportion of
those children die from common illnessesthat could havebeen avoided
through adequatenutrition
 Thereduced immune competence increasesthe morbidity and
mortality rates ofchildren

5. 
(orange-fleshed) or poor (white fleshed) in pro-vitaminA
 Carrots were originally white or purple in the1600’s.ADutch
horticulturist mutated the carrot to produce carotenes to symbolize the
color of the Dutch Royal House ofOrange
 Global staple food. Cultivatedfor
over 10,000 years
 Riceprovides asmuch as80
percent or more of the daily caloric
intake of 3 billion people, which is
half the world’spopulation
Other plants, suchassweet potatoes have varieties that are eitherrich

6.  Started in 1982 by Ingo Potrykus-Professor emeritus of the Institute for Plant
Sciences
 Peter Beyer-Professor of Centre for Applied Biosciences,Uni. OfFreiburg,
Germany
 Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the SwissFederal Institute of
Technology, and Syngenta, acrop protection company.
 Golden Rice Humanitarian Board-responsible
for the global development, introduction
and free distribution of Golden Ricetotarget
countries.

7.  Mutate rice plants to produce carotenoids, or organic
pigments, specifically β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) in the
endosperm, the edible part of the grain
Vitamin A
(Retinol)
 Make Golden Rice accessible locally, free of charge to
farmers, who are able to grow, save,consume,replant
and locally sell GoldenRice

8.  Theaddition of 2 genesin the rice genomewill
complete the biosyntheticpathway
1. Phytoene synthase (psy) – derived from
daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
(Phytoene synthase is atransferase enzyme
involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids.It
catalyzes the conversion ofgeranylgerany
pyrophosphate to phytoene.)
2. Lycopene cyclase(crt1) – from soilbacteria
Erwinia uredovora
 Produces enzymesand catalysts for the biosynthesis
of carotenoids (β-carotene) in theendosperm

9.  The psy and crt1 genes were transformed into the rice
nuclear genome and placed under the control of an
endosperm-specific promoter, so they are only expressed
in the endosperm.
 The exogenous lyc gene has a transit peptide sequence
attached so it is targeted to the plastid, where
geranylgerany diphosphate formation occurs.
 The bacterial crt1 gene was an important inclusion to
complete the pathway, since it can catalyze multiple
steps in the synthesis of carotenoid, while these steps
require more than one enzyme in plants.

10.  The end product of the engineered
pathway is lycopene, but if the plant
accumulated lycopene, the rice would
be red.
 Recent analysis has shown the plant's
endogenous enzymes process the
lycopene to beta-carotene in the
endosperm, giving the rice the
distinctive yellow color for which it is
named. Theoriginal golden rice wascalled
SGR1,and under greenhouse conditions it
produced 1.6 µg/g of carotenoids.

11. 1. Gene construct used for the generation of Golden Rice . RB, T-DNA right border
sequence; Glu , rice endosperm-specifi c glutelin promoter; tpSSU , pea ribulose bis-
phosphate carboxylase small subunit transit peptide for chloroplast localisation; nos ,
nopaline synthase terminator; Psy , phytoene synthase gene from Narcissus
pseudonarcissus (GR1) or Zea mays (GR2); Ubi1 , maize polyubiquitin promoter; Pmi
, phosphomannose isomerase gene from E. coli for positive selection; LB, T-DNA left
border sequence.

14.  Golden rice give more quantityvitamin-A
 Easydistribution when released to needy
 Cheaper option to supply vitamin Arequirement compared to other
supplementary measures
 Sustainable option asonce released for common cultivation canbe
cultivated every growing seasonby farmer savedseeds,therefore no
need of yearly budgetary investment fordistribution

15.  Health
May causeallergies or fail to perform desiredeffect
Supplydoes not provide asubstantial quantity asthe
recommended daily intake
 Environment
Lossof Biodiversity. May become agregarious weed and
endanger the existence of natural riceplants
Genetic contamination of natural, global staplefoods
 Culture
Somepeople prefer to cultivate and eat only whiterice
basedon traditional values and spiritualbeliefs