Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
a proper description about the process microinjection and also about gene transfer. and different types of DNA delivery methods.
with advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
description of transgenic animals and production with desired traits using different methods and their applications and their advantages and disadvantages
i have included terminology, types, methods, process, applications of trangenic technology.
all the pics are collected from different websites and some text books shown in reference. pictures and matter copyrights doesn't belong to me.
Transgenic manipulation of animal embryos and its applicationDeveshMachhi
INTRODUCTION
Genetic manipulation in animal for higher productivity is also called genetic engineering, refer to the alteration of the gene of an organism.
Organisms containing integrated sequences of cloned dna (transgenes), transferred using techniques of genetic engineering (to include those of gene transfer and gene substitution) are called transgenic animals.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.Genetically modified animals are proving ever more vital in the development of new treatments and cures for many serious diseases.
Transgenesis is a radically new technology for altering the characteristics of animals by introducing the foreign genetic material.
CONTACT: devmac1323@gmail.com
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti2
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic animals are animals that are genetically altered to have traits that mimic symptoms of specific human pathologies.
They provide genetic model of various human disease which are important in understanding disease and development of new target.
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti5
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Gene regulation, History and Evolution , Traditional Methods:
Northern blot
quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR)
serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE) and
DNA microarrays.
DNA Chip
Strategies for Setting Up and Monitoring Breeding to Optimize Colony Production
General Guideline for Successful Breeding Programme
Colony Management Harmonization Programme
Troubleshooting Breeding Problems
Acid base balance
Acid base disorder in body
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Patterns Associated with AB Disorders
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr. Dhaval Chaudhary
M.V.Sc Scholar
Dept. of Animal Genetics and Breeding
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand
Transgenesis
2. Content
• Introduction
• History
• Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
• Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
• Examples of transgenesis
• Importance
• Application
• Limitation
• Issue related to Transgenic Technology
• Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
3. Introduction
• Process of introducing foreign or exogenous DNA into an animals
genome is called transgenesis.
• Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a
transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a
new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
• Transgenesis can be facilitated by liposomes by liposomes, enzymes,
plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear injection, protoplast fusion,
and ballistic DNA injection.
4.
5. Definitions
Transgenesis
• The stable, one or more integration of foreign genes /foreign DNA into a host’s
chromosomes. OR
• Transgenesis either means transferring DNA into the animal or altering DNA of
the animal.
Transgenic animal
• A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately
inserted into its genome. OR
• Transgenic animal are genetically modified to contain a gene from a different
species following gene transplantation or resulting from the molecular
manipulations of endogenous genomic DNA
6. History
• Prior to the development of molecular genetics, the only way of
studying the regulation and function of mammalian genes was
through the observation of inherited characteristics or spontaneous
mutations.
• The discovery of DNA and genes opened wide avenues for research
and biotechnological applications.
• The introduction of isolated genes into cells became a common
practice in the 1970s, soon after the emergence of the genetic
engineering techniques.
7. • During the 1970s, the first chimeric mice were produced.
• It represented a great progress for the understanding of gene
function and mechanisms of action.
• The first transgenic animal i.e. mice, were obtained by microinjecting
the genes into one of the nuclei (pronuclei) of one day old embryos.
8.
9. • This construct was injected into fertilized mouse embryos and the
resulting transgenic offspring, were fed with extra zinc, which turned
on the metallothionin promoter.
• This resulted in the expression of growth hormone gene and the
resulting high levels of circulating rat growth hormone dramatically
changed the phenotype of the transgenic mice by stimulating them to
grow twice as large as normal.
10. • The giant mice instilled major excitement in the scientific and public
communities, markedly enhancing attention on the transgenic mouse
system.
• Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter thus were pioneered in the
development of methods to transfer foreign genes into the germline of
animals.
• PALMITER, R.D., BRINSTER, R.L., HAMMER,
R.E., TRUMBAUER, M.E., ROSENFELD, M.G.,
BIRNBERG, N.C. and EVANS, R.M.
• “Dramatic growth of mice that develop from
eggs microinjected with metallothionin-
growth hormone fusion genes.” Nature
(1982) 300: 611-615.
11. • This technique is still widely used, gene transfer into animals and
plants to generate lines of genetically modified organisms, known as
transgenic animals and plants, respectively.
• This method could be extrapolated (extend the application of to an
unknown situation by assuming that existing trends will continue
successfully) to other mammals in 1985.
• Other transgenic animals include rats, pigs and sheep etc.
• Transgenic technology led to the development of fish that enabled to
grow faster and livestock that enables to fight diseases (prion-free
cows resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, known as mad
cow disease).
12. • Two other main techniques were Subsiquently developed: those of
retrovirus-mediated transgenesis (Jaenisch, 1976) and embryonic
stem (ES) cell-mediated gene transfer (Gossler et al., 1986).
• The term transgenic was first used by J.W. Gordon and F.H. Ruddle
(1981).
• The transgenic technology also became an excellent tool in basic
research for understanding the functions and regulations of a
number of mammalian genes.
13. • Thanks to the transgenic technology, because today we have mouse
models for several types of cancer and of human genetic disorders
including chronic hepatitis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and many
more.
14.
15. Why Transgenic Animals Produced?
• To help scientists to identify, isolate and characterise genes in order to
understand more about their function and regulation.
• To provide research models of human diseases, to help develop new
drugs and new strategies for repairing defective genes (“gene
therapy”).
• To provide organs and tissues for use in human transplant surgery.
• To produce milk which contains therapeutic proteins; or to alter the
composition of milk to improve its nutritional value for human
infants.
• To enhance livestock improvement programmes.
16. Strategies for Producing Transgenic Animals
There are two basic strategies for producing transgenic animals, which
include “gain of function” or “loss of function” transgenics.
• The basic idea behind the gain of function strategy is that by adding a
cloned fragment of DNA into an animal’s genome to a new gene
product is produced that did not previously existed in that cell or
tissue. E.g. expression of rat growth hormone in mouse and to get
over expression of gene product in the proper tissue (Palmiter et al.,
1982).
• The silencing or loss of gene function is accomplished by the target
gene disruption through the process of homologous recombination
between host genome and exogenous DNA.
17. Techniques/ Methods of Gene Transfer
There are many techniques, all are listed below
1) DNA Microinjection
2) Retro virus- Mediated Gene Transfer
3) Embryonic stem cell / chimeras
4) Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer / Cloning
5) Use of Transposons
6) Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer
7) Electroporation
8) Chemical technique
9) RNA Interference
• Some of important methods have been described in Houdebine 2003, 2005.
18. Houdebine 2003, 2005
Different methods to generate transgenic animals: (1) DNA
transfer via direct microinjection into pronucleus or cytoplasm of
embryo; (2) DNA transfer via a transposon: the foreign gene is
introduced in the transposon which is injected into a pronucleus;
(3) DNA transfer via a lentiviral vector: the gene of interest in a
lentiviral vector is injected between the zona pellucida and
membrane of the oocyte or embryo; (4) DNA transfer via sperm:
sperm is incubated with the foreign gene and injected into the
oocyte cytoplasm for fertilization by ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm
injection); (5) DNA transfer via pluripotent cells: the foreign gene
is introduced into pluripotent cell lines (ES: embryonic stem cells:
lines established from early embryo, EG: embryonic gonad cells:
lines established from primordial germ cells of foetal gonads); the
pluripotent cells containing the foreign gene are injected into an
early embryo to generate chimeric animals harbouring the
foreign gene DNA; (6) DNA transfer via cloning: the foreign gene
is transferred into a somatic cell, the nucleus of which is
introduced into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte to
generate a transgenic clone. Methods 1, 2, 3 and 4 allow random
gene addition whereas methods 5 and 6 allow random gene
addition and targeted gene integration via homologous
recombination for gene addition or gene replacement including
gene knockout and knocking.
19. DNA Microinjection
• Gordon and Ruddle, 1981
• The young virgin mice (4-5weeks age) are
subjected to ovulation
• Administration of FSH (pregnant mare’s serum)
• After 2 days admistration of HCG
• Super ovulated mice produce 30-35 eggs
• Above female mice mated with males
• Fertilized eggs are removed from the fallopian
tubes
• By micromanipulation using microinjection needle
&holding pipette the DNA is injected into the
male pronuclear of the fertilized egg
• Trans genes are kept overnight in an incubator
• The foster mother delivers pups after 3 weeks of
implantation
20. Retro Virus-
Mediated Gene Transfer
• Jaenisch, 1976
• The transfer of small pieces (8kb) of DNA can
be effectively carried out by retroviruses
• This method however is unsuitable for
transfer of larger genes
• Further even of small genes there is a risk:
losing some regulatory sequences .
• Drawback:-Risk of retroviral contamination in
the products(in foods for human
consumption).
• Not regularly use for transgenesis
21. Embryonic Stem Cell-
Mediated Gene Transfer
• Gossler et al., 1986
• This method involves prior insertion of the desired DNA
sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro
culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells.
• These cells are then incorporated into an embryo at the
blastocyst stage of development.
• ES cell-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice
for gene inactivation method (knock-out method).
• This technique is of particular importance for the study
of the genetic control of developmental processes.
• This technique works particularly well in mice.
• It has the advantage of allowing precise targeting of
defined mutations in the gene via homologous
combination
22. DNA transfer via Cloning
The foreign gene is transferred into a somatic
cell, the nucleus of which is introduced into
the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte to
generate a transgenic clone.
23. • Panel A, depicts the oocyte ready
for enucleation.
• Panel B, depicts the nuclear
material being removed from the
cytoplast. The bottom portion of
the figure shows the karyoplast
transfer into the enucleated
cytoplast.
• Panel C, depicts the insertion of
the karyoplast transfer needle into
the zona pellucida of the
enucleated oocyte.
• Panel D, depicts the karyoplast
after insertion into the zona prior
to cell fusion into the cytoplast
(Photographs courtesy of Jane H.
Pryor and Charles R. Long, Texas
A&M University).
24. “Dolly” 1996, first living offspring derived from a differentiated cell.
(Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell,1996)
25. Use of Transposons
• Transposons are short genomic DNA regions which are replicated and
randomly integrated into the same genome.
• The number of a given transposon is thus increasing until the cell
blocks this phenomenon to protect itself from a degradation of its
genes.
• Foreign genes can be introduced into transposons in vitro. The
recombinant transposons may then be microinjected into one day old
embryos.
26. • The foreign gene becomes integrated into the embryos with a yield of
about 1%.
• All the transgenic insects are being generated by using transposons as
vectors. Transposons also proved to be efficient to generate
transgenic fish, chicken and mammals (Ding et al. 2005).
• Transposons are efficient tools but they can harbour no more than 2–
3 kb of foreign DNA.
27. Efficient Generation of Transgenic Cattle Using
the DNA Transposon
• Here, efficiently generated transgenic
cattle using two transposon systems
(Sleeping Beauty and Piggybac).
• Sleeping Beauty is preferred for insertion
into “TA” sites in the host genome, while
Piggybac is preferred for insertions into
“TTAA” sites
• Blastocysts derived from microinjection
of DNA transposons were selected and
transferred into recipient cows.
• Nine transgenic cattle have been
generated and grown-up to date without
any health issues except two.
• Some of them expressed strong
fluorescence and the transgene in the
oocytes from a superovulating one were
detected by PCR and sequencing.
(Yum et. al., 2017)
28. Birth of a transgenic (tg) cow with the YFP gene
via Sleeping Beauty (SB) and its analysis.
(a) After 60 days of embryo transfer, pregnancy
was confirmed by ultrasonography. The calf was
delivered without assistant (b) and grew to 5-
months (c) and 16 months (d) old without any
health issue. (e) When ultraviolet light was
exposed to nose of tg cattle, YFP expression was
found (arrow). To determine YFP expression in
primary skin and endometrial cells, the cells were
cultured and captured by confocal image
equipment ((f-1) skin cells from a wild type, (f-2)
skin cells from a tg cattle, (f-3) endometrial cells
from a tg cattle, upper: brightness, lower:
fluorescence). The primary skin cells from tg or
non-tg were reprogrammed and developed into
blastocysts (f-4) blastocysts from skin cells of
non-tg cattle, (f-5) blastocysts from skin cells of
the tg cattle; upper: brightness, lower:
fluorescence). The tg integration was confirm by
PCR (g) and sequencing (h).
(Yum et. al., 2017)
29. Birth of a transgenic (tg) cattle with the rox-GFP-
rox-RFP gene via Piggybac (PB) and its analysis
(a) After 45 days of embryo transfer, pregnancy was
confirmed by ultrasonography. (b) The calf was
delivered without assistant. (c) When ultraviolet
light was exposed to nose of tg cattle, GFP
expression was strongly observed. And the tg cattle
grew up to 12 months old without any healthy issue
(d). To determine GFP or RFP expression in a piece
of tissue or primary skin cells via recombination, the
tissue and cells were cultured and transfected with
Dre recombinase mRNA by nucleofection ((e) a
piece of tissue from tg cattlebrightness, (e`) before
Dre recombinase transfection (GFP), (e``) after Dre
recombinase transfection (RFP)). The primary skin
cells from the tg cattle were isolated, cultured and
transfected with Dre recombinase mRNA. Before
transfection, only GFP expression was observed, RFP
expression were observed via GFP gene excision by
recombination ((f–f``) before transfection
brightness, fluorescence, and merged, respectively;
(g–g``) after transfection brightness, fluorescence,
and merged, respectively). The transgene
integration and recombination were confirmed by
genomic DNA PCR ((h)
(Yum et. al., 2017)
30. Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer
• The sperm cells have the capacity to bind naked DNA or bound to
vesicles like liposomes (Lavitrano et al., 1989; Chang et al., 2002).
• These sperm cells are in turn used for introducing exogenous DNA
into oocytes either through invitro fertilization or artificial
insemination.
• Sperandio et al. (1996) successfully carried out the sperm mediated
gene transfer in cattle.
31. Electroporation
• This technique was developed by Puchalski and Fahl (1992).
• In this technique, cells are exposed to electric field which causes the
membranes to become polarized and a potential develops across the
membrane thereby breaking at localized areas .
• The cell becomes permeable to exogenous molecule.
• The method has a greater efficiency either alone or in combination
with other.
32. Chemical technique
• This technique utilizes the chemical mediated uptake of DNA or gene
fragment by the host cell. The transfection is carried out effectively
by using chemicals like calcium phosphate or diethyl amino ethyl
dextran.
33. RNA Interference
• In this method, small interference RNAs (siRNAs), which are 20-25
nucleotides long, bind to their complementary sequences on target
in mRNAs and shut down the expression of genes and there by the
production of protein is stopped.
• This RNA could be used for either transient or stable gene repression
or knock down of specific target genes.
35. Transgenic Fish
Super fish
• Growth hormone gene inserted into fertilized egg.
• Increased growth and size.
• Transgenic fish grows about 10-11 time faster than normal fish.
Glo fish
• Genetically modified zebra fish.
• Produced by integrating a fluorescent protein gene from jelly fish into
embryo of fish.
37. Transgenic Mouse
Onco mouse
• Mouse model to study cancer.
• Made by inserting activated oncogenes.
Alzheimer’s mouse
• In the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, dead nerve cells are entangled in a
protein called amyloid.
• Mouse made by introducing amyloid precursor gene into fertilized egg of
mice.
38.
39. Transgenic Pig
Enviro pig
• Pigs have trouble fully digesting a compound known as phytate in many
cereal grains used to feed them.
• Transgenic pigs are created by introducing phytase gene of Ecoli.
• Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salivary gland of pig.
• It degrades indigestible phytase with the release of phosphate that is
readily digested by pigs.
Pig for organ transplant
• Pigs with human genes, in order to decrease the chance of organ
rejection by human body.
42. Transgenic Monkey
• “ANDI” was the first transgenic monkey, born in 2000.
• ANDI proves that transgenic primates can be created and can express
a foreign gene delivered into their genome.
43. Transgenic Cow
• “ROSIE” was the first transgenic cow , born in 1997.
• Produced human protein enriched milk at 2.4g/lt contains human
gene Alpha lactalbumin.
44. Importance of Transgenic Animals
• Industrial importance –
Toxicity sensitive transgenic animals to test chemicals.
Spider silk in milk of goat.
• Medical importance –
Disease model.
Xenotransplantation.
• Agriculture importance –
Disease resistant animals.
For improving quality & quantity of milk, meat, eggs & wool production.
45. Applications
• In medical research, transgenic animals are used to identify the
functions of specific factors in complex homeostatic systems.
• In toxicology: as responsive test animals (detection of toxicants);
• In mammalian developmental genetics;
• In molecular biology:
the analysis of the regulation of gene expression makes use of the
evaluation of a specific genetic change at the level of the whole animal.
46. • In the pharmaceutical industry, targeted production of
pharmaceutical proteins, drug production and product efficacy
testing;
• In biotechnology: as producers of specific proteins;
• Genetically engineered hormones to increase milk yield, meat
production.
• Developing animals specially created for use in Xenografting
47. Limitations of Transgenesis
The transgenic technology even though has tremendous applications
in livestock improvement programmes, still it has lots of limitations:
• Insertional mutations resulting in alteration of important biological
processes.
• Unregulated gene expression resulting in improper expression of
gene products.
• Possibility of side effects in transgenic animals like arthritis,
dermatitis and cancer etc.
• Integration of exogenous DNA sequence in Y chromosome resulting in
transmission only to males.
48. Issues related to Transgenic Technology
• There may be health risks associated with transgenics.
• There may be long term effects on the environment when transgenic
animals are released into the field.
• Abnormalities suffered are more.
• Reduced fertility.
• Respiratory and circulatory problems.
• Weak immune system.
49. Ethical Concerns pertaining to Biotechnology
• Introduction of a transgene from one species into another species violates
the “integrity of species”.
• Biotechnology may pose unforeseen risks to the environment, including
risk to biodiversity.
• Transfer of human genes into animals ( and vice – versa ) dilutes the
concept of “humanness”.
• When animals are used for the production of pharmaceutical proteins,
they are virtually reduced to the status of a “factory”.
• Use of animals in biotechnology causes great suffering to them.
• Biotechnology is disrespectful to living beings , and only exploits them for
the benefit of human beings.
50. How the Ethical Issues can be Overcome:
• PATENTS…..!
• Avoid unnecessery repetition of experiments.
• Use immunochemical system to replace bioassays for detecting
bacterial toxins.
• The scientists should not view animals as mere machines.
• India enacted an animal law as early as 1960's called the `Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals Act' amended in 1982 which provided for the
prevention of cruelty to animals in general.
• It also provides that the Animal Welfare Board constitute a
Committee for the Control and Supervision of Experiments on
Animals.