Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.

1. NOIDA INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND
TECHNOLOGY GREATER NOIDA (PHARMACY
INSTITUTE)
PRESENTED BY: UNDERGUIDANCE:
Ashish Dr. Saumya Das
M. Pharm (Pharmacology) Associate Professor
First year

2. INTRODUCTION
 A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign
gene that has been deliberately inserted into its
genome.
 Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up
of genes takes place.
 Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of
the animal, so it can be transmitted to the
progeny.
 Transgenic technology has led to the
development of fishes, live stock and other
animals with altered genetic profiles which are
useful to mankind.

3.  First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created
by Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard
Palmiter (University ofWashington) in 1982.
 It was created by inserting a human growth
hormone gene in mouse genome.
 The offspring was much larger than the parents.

4. PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
 Step 1 – Construction of a transgene
Transgene made of 3 parts:
o Promoter
o Gene to be expressed
o Termination sequence
 Step 2 – Introduction of foreign gene into the
animal
o Pronuclear microinjection method
o Embryonic stem cell method (ES-CELLS)
o Sperm mediated transgenesis
o Somatic cell nucleated transgenesis (SCNT)

5. MICROINJECTION METHOD
 A female animal is superovulated and eggs are collected.
 The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
 The transgene containing solution is injected into the male pronucleus using a
micropipette.
 Eggs with the transgenes are kept overnight in an incubator for embryo
development.
 The eggs are then implanted into the uterus of a pseudo -pregnant female
(female which has been mated with a vasectimized male the previous night)

6. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL METHOD
 Transgenic animals can be created by manipulating embryonic stem
cells.
 ES cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
 Transgene is incorporated into the ES cell by
◦ Microinjection
◦ By a retro virus
◦ By electroporation
 Transgenic stem cells are grown in vitro.
 Then they are inserted into a blastocyst and implanted into a host’s
uterus to grow normally.
 The major advantage of this method over micro-injection is
selection of transgene through the use selectable markers.

7. SPERM MEDIATED TRANSGENESIS
 Sperm cell have the potiential to carry foreign DNA
into the oocyte during the process of fertilization
 Initially coincubation of sperm with transgene and
then transferred into surrogate mother
 To deliver sperm carring gene various mechanisms
are adopted
 In vitro fertilization(IVF)
 Laproscopic insemination(LI)
 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)

8. SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR
TRANSFER(SCNT)
 SCNT involves transfer of nucleus of a
somatic cell into a cytoplasm into enucleated
cytoplasm oocyte
 SCNT used for the production of elite animals
and useful traits
 The impotant advantage is that offsprings
produced are entirely transgenic
 Also have major drawback of low efficiency
and high mortality rate of foetus and embryo.

9. Step 3: Screening for transgenic positives
◦ Transgenic progenies are screened by PCR to examine the site of
incorporation of the gene
◦ Some transgenes may not be expressed if integrated into a
transcriptionally inactive site.
Step 4: Further animal breeding is done to obtain
maximal expression.
◦ Heterozygous offsprings are mated to form homozygous
strains.

11. PROBLEMS
 Multiple insertion – too much proteins
 Insertion into an essential gene – lethality
 Insertion into a gene leading to gene
silencing
 Insertion into a different area can affect the
gene regulation
 Respiratory and circulatory problems

13. TRANSGENIC FISH
 Superfish
◦ Increased growth and size
◦ Growth hormone gene inserted
into fertilized egg.
o Transgenic salmon grows about
10 – 11 times faster than normal
fish.
 Glo fish
◦ GM freshwater zebra fish
(Daniorerio)
◦ Produce by integrating a
fluorescent protein gene from
jelly fish into embryo of fish.

14. TRANSGENIC MOUSE
Alzheimer’s mouse
◦ In the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, dead
nerve cells are entangled in a protein
called amyloid.
◦ Mouse made by introducing amyloid
precursor gene into fertilized egg of mouse.
Oncomouse
◦ Mouse model to study cancer
◦ Made by inserting activated oncogenes.
Smart mouse
◦ Biological model engineered to overexpress NR2B receptor in the
synaptic pathway.
◦This makes the mice learn faster like juveniles throughout their lives.

15. TRANSGENIC PIG
 Enviro pig
◦ Pigs have trouble fully digesting a compound known as phytate found in
many cereal grains used to feed them.
◦Transgenic pigs are created by introducing phytase gene of E.coli.
◦ Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salvary gland of pig
◦ It degrades indigestible phytate with the release of phosphate that is readily
digested by pigs.
 Pig for organ transplant
◦ Pigs with human genes, in order to decrease the chance of organ rejection by
human body.

16. TRANSGENIC LIVESTOKE
Bioreactors whose cells have been engineered to synthesis marketable
proteins.
More economical than producing desired protein in cell culture.
 Transgenic cattle
◦Transgenic cows are made to produce proteins lactoferrin and interferons in
their milk.
◦ Prion free cows resistant to mad cow disease.
 Transgenic sheep
◦ For good quality wool production.
 Transgenic goat
◦ Goats that could express tissue plasminogen
activator, anti thrombin III, spider silk etc in milk.

17. TRANSGENIC RABBIT
 Alba, the EGFP (Enhanced Green
Flurescentprotein) bunny
 Created in 2000 as a transgenic artwork.

18. TRANSGENIC SHEEP
 The rate of transgenesis in sheep is very low
 Improved when transgenic embryos (after
necessary checking) are transferred to
surrogate ewes(female sheep)
 Embryonic stem cells are transfected with a
vector which target the gene into a particular
site

19. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC
ANIMALS
 Medical importance
◦ Disease model
◦ Bioreactors for pharmaceuticals
◦ Xenotransplantation
 Agricultural importance
◦ Disease resistant animals
◦ For improving quality and quantity of milk, meat, eggs and wool
production
 Industrial importance
◦Toxicity sensitive transgenic animals to test chemicals.
◦ Spider silk in milk of goat

20. ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENIC
TECHNOLOGY
 Blurring the lines between species by creating
transgenic combinations.
 There may be health risks associated with
transgenics.
 There may be long term effects on the
environment when transgenic animals are
released into the field.
 Various bioethicist argue that it is wrong to
create animals that would suffer as a result of
genetic alteration
 Transgenic technology is the risk of altering
ecosystem

21. RECENT TRENDS
 Transgenic goats engineered to produce human breast milk
( Journal Transgenic Research, August 2012
◦ University of California scientists created the transgenic goats by
transferring human genes for breast milk enzymes and proteins
into goat embryos.
◦ Produce 60 percent of the lysozyme and lactoferrin found in
human mother’s milk.
◦ For babies of mothers who aren’t present, or can’t nurse them,
milk from these transgenic goats could provide the next-best
alternative.
 Bioluminescent transgenic mouse model for study mammary
gland tumour development. (PLoS ONE, aug 2012)
◦ Research done by Cancer Biology andTherapeutics Group, Ireland

22. CONCLUSION
 Transgenic technology is a field that is under constant
evolution.
 Many transgenic animals have been successfully created
for a variety of purposes, and the prospects are enormous.
 It holds great potential in many fields including agriculture,
medicine and industry.
 With proper research and careful use the transgenic
animals can go a long way in solving several problems for
which science doesn’t have a solution till now.

23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Satyanarayana U, Biotechnology (2010), 1st edition, Books and allied (P) Ltd,
Kolkata.
 Channarayappa, Molecular Biotechnology – Principles and Practices (2006), 1st
edition, University Press Pvt Ltd,Hyderabad.
 Smith E John, Biotechnology (1996), 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press.
 http://dsc.discovery.com/technology/tech10/geneticengineering/ 10-transgenic-
animals-03.html
 www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/209
 http://news.ehealthsource.com/index.php?p=news1&id=534197
 Londhe Mangesh,Kore S. Padamaja “A review on genetically altered transgenic
animals”, Journal of Pharmacy ResearchVol-12, issue 7,2018, ISSN-0974-6943,

24. THANK-YOU