This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
1) The document discusses various cloning technologies including mammalian cloning, reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning.
2) Gene cloning involves locating and copying a gene of interest from an organism's DNA. Therapeutic cloning aims to produce patient-matched cells for transplantation through somatic cell nuclear transfer.
3) The benefits of therapeutic cloning discussed include potential alternatives for organ transplantation and treatment of diseases like leukemia and genetic disorders. However, using embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some.
This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as animals whose genomes have been altered by transferring genes from another species or breed. It then discusses the process of transgenesis and some reasons for using transgenic technology, such as generating disease models and producing therapeutic proteins. The document provides a brief history of transgenic animals and explains why mice are commonly used. It outlines methods for generating transgenic animals like microinjection and viral infection. It also discusses applications of transgenic animals like studying gene function and developing disease models. In conclusion, the document notes some ethical issues around transgenic animals.
Vectors for gene transfer in animals: Retro virusKhushbu
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that can be used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells. The retroviral genome consists of two RNA strands that are reverse transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host cell chromosome. This integrated viral DNA, or provirus, can then be used to express the transferred gene. Retroviruses are useful for gene transfer because the introduced gene is stably integrated and replicated in daughter cells, but they require cell division for integration and may cause insertional mutagenesis. The document discusses the basic structure and life cycle of retroviruses, constructs used to make replication-defective retroviral vectors, and the steps involved in gene transfer using retroviruses.
This document provides information about an advanced animal cell culture course. It includes details about the course such as the lecturer, meeting times, grading structure, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like cell culture models, protein production, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides background on why animal cells are cultured, the history of cell culture, types of primary and established cell lines, cell culture techniques like adherent and suspension cultures, and uses of cell culture including basic research, toxicity screening, protein production, and tissue engineering. Students in the course will present papers during seminars.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene deleted or inactivated through genetic engineering. This allows researchers to study the function of genes by observing the effects of the gene's absence. Researchers use embryonic stem cells from mice to delete genes through a process called homologous recombination. Mice with the gene deletion are bred to generate strains of mice lacking the gene. Studying these knockout mice provides insights into the roles and functions of genes. Knockout mice are also useful models for studying human diseases and evaluating potential treatments.
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
1) The document discusses various cloning technologies including mammalian cloning, reproductive cloning, gene cloning, and therapeutic cloning.
2) Gene cloning involves locating and copying a gene of interest from an organism's DNA. Therapeutic cloning aims to produce patient-matched cells for transplantation through somatic cell nuclear transfer.
3) The benefits of therapeutic cloning discussed include potential alternatives for organ transplantation and treatment of diseases like leukemia and genetic disorders. However, using embryonic stem cells from aborted fetuses is considered morally problematic by some.
This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as animals whose genomes have been altered by transferring genes from another species or breed. It then discusses the process of transgenesis and some reasons for using transgenic technology, such as generating disease models and producing therapeutic proteins. The document provides a brief history of transgenic animals and explains why mice are commonly used. It outlines methods for generating transgenic animals like microinjection and viral infection. It also discusses applications of transgenic animals like studying gene function and developing disease models. In conclusion, the document notes some ethical issues around transgenic animals.
Vectors for gene transfer in animals: Retro virusKhushbu
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that can be used as vectors to transfer genes into host cells. The retroviral genome consists of two RNA strands that are reverse transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host cell chromosome. This integrated viral DNA, or provirus, can then be used to express the transferred gene. Retroviruses are useful for gene transfer because the introduced gene is stably integrated and replicated in daughter cells, but they require cell division for integration and may cause insertional mutagenesis. The document discusses the basic structure and life cycle of retroviruses, constructs used to make replication-defective retroviral vectors, and the steps involved in gene transfer using retroviruses.
This document provides information about an advanced animal cell culture course. It includes details about the course such as the lecturer, meeting times, grading structure, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like cell culture models, protein production, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides background on why animal cells are cultured, the history of cell culture, types of primary and established cell lines, cell culture techniques like adherent and suspension cultures, and uses of cell culture including basic research, toxicity screening, protein production, and tissue engineering. Students in the course will present papers during seminars.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
Knockout mice are mice that have had a specific gene deleted or inactivated through genetic engineering. This allows researchers to study the function of genes by observing the effects of the gene's absence. Researchers use embryonic stem cells from mice to delete genes through a process called homologous recombination. Mice with the gene deletion are bred to generate strains of mice lacking the gene. Studying these knockout mice provides insights into the roles and functions of genes. Knockout mice are also useful models for studying human diseases and evaluating potential treatments.
1) Researchers engineered haploid plants by altering the centromeric histone CENH3. When crossed to wild-type plants, this led to missegregation of chromosomes during mitosis and the production of haploid offspring containing only the wild-type parent's genome.
2) The dyad1 mutant in Arabidopsis produces unreduced female gametes through apomeiosis, leading to triploid progeny when fertilized. This demonstrates that altering a single gene can influence meiosis and may enable engineering of apomixis.
3) Chromosome engineering techniques like modifying centromeres and recombination proteins can enable new applications in plant breeding like producing haploids, engineering apomixis,
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Primordial Germ Cells- A tool for avian genome manipulationDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
This presentation deals with the scope and technique of avian genome manipulation by using avian primordial germ cells to obtain the pharmaceuticals using chicken egg as a bioreactor system and also to enhance the overall poultry production, and disease resistance, etc.
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It outlines three main methods: microbial bioreactors like E. coli, mammalian cell culture bioreactors like CHO cells, and transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgenic animals are produced via DNA microinjection into embryos to incorporate expression vectors for target proteins. Their milk can then produce large quantities of complex proteins through scale-up. While advantageous for production scale, transgenic systems have limitations regarding animal health effects and post-translational modifications. Examples of therapeutic proteins produced include antithrombin in transgenic goats and alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic sheep.
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It provides a timeline of important developments including the approval of the first recombinant human insulin in 1982. It outlines the typical process of drug production including transfection of cells, cell culture, purification and formulation. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of expressing proteins in bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, plants and transgenic animals. Finally, it provides examples of some important recombinant proteins that have been approved for human use to treat disorders like hemophilia and diabetes.
This document discusses protein microarrays, which allow high-throughput analysis of thousands of protein interactions. It describes the basic principles and experimental process of protein microarrays, including sample preparation, printing, incubation, washing, and data analysis. Protein microarrays have applications in detecting protein binding properties, profiling antibody specificity, studying post-translational modifications, and identifying biomarkers for clinical research applications like cancer. While powerful for proteomics research, protein microarrays also have some limitations like high costs.
Transgenic animals are produced through several methods: (1) DNA microinjection involves injecting DNA into the pronucleus of a zygote, (2) Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer inserts DNA into embryonic stem cells which are then implanted into a host, (3) Retroviruses can introduce genes into germline stem cells. Transgenic animals are detected using techniques like PCR and dot blot hybridization. They are useful as disease models, for producing pharmaceutical proteins, and improving agricultural products. Examples include glowing mice carrying green fluorescent protein and faster growing salmon with added growth genes.
There are several types of immortalized cell lines that are important research tools. Some cell lines were derived from cancers and underwent mutations that allowed unlimited proliferation, similar to cancerous cells. Other normal cell lines can be immortalized through intentional induction of mutations. The best known immortalized cell line is HeLa, which was derived from a cervical cancer in 1951 and was the first human cells successfully cloned. Vero cells come from monkey kidney cells and are widely used as hosts for growing viruses and parasites. Immortalized cell lines have undergone genetic changes that allow unlimited division, unlike primary cells which eventually senesce and stop dividing.
ChIP-seq is a technique to identify where proteins bind to DNA in the genome. It involves cross-linking proteins to DNA in cells, fragmenting the DNA, immunoprecipitating the protein-DNA complexes using an antibody for the protein of interest, and then sequencing the retrieved DNA. This allows mapping of the genomic binding sites for the protein. The document discusses experimental design considerations for ChIP-seq, such as antibody choice and controls. It also reviews data analysis steps including read mapping, peak calling to identify enriched regions, and downstream analyses like motif finding. Higher resolution techniques like ChIP-exo are also introduced that can identify protein binding sites at base pair level.
This PPT has described how to produce soluble anf high amount of recombinant protein in E.coli host. This PPT has mentioned different expression vectors, different E.coli Expression host strain and other strategies for getting high expression of desired gene.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
This document discusses various methods for selecting and developing cell lines for research. It covers primary culture isolation, subculture propagation to establish a cell line, control of cell proliferation through growth factors and intracellular regulators, senescence limits on cell divisions, differentiation inhibiting proliferation, and the need for continuous cell lines. Methods to immortalize cell lines include viral genes like SV40 LT and HPV E6/E7 to inactivate tumor suppressors, adenoviral and retroviral vectors, telomerase induction with hTERT, use of oncogenes, and cell hybridization. The goal is to generate stable, consistent cell lines that proliferate indefinitely while maintaining similar phenotype to the original tissue.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karkiBikash Karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Therapeutic cloning involves creating cloned embryos solely to derive embryonic stem cells for research and medical treatment. These stem cells can potentially be used to treat diseases like heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The procedure for therapeutic cloning, also called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is similar to reproductive cloning and involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a donor adult cell. The cloned embryo is then allowed to develop in vitro until the blastocyst stage when stem cells are extracted. These stem cells can be grown indefinitely in culture and differentiated into various cell types to potentially replace damaged or diseased cells in the body. While therapeutic cloning may help treat genetic diseases and
Gene knockout animals are genetically engineered organisms with inactivated genes. Mice are commonly used for knockout experiments due to their close genetic similarity to humans and low cost of breeding. Knocking out genes in mice provides insights into gene function and human disease modeling. The gene targeting method uses embryonic stem cells to precisely knockout a gene, while gene trapping does not require known gene sequences but confirmation of knockout is needed. Knockout studies have furthered understanding of cancer, obesity, and other diseases.
This document discusses cell culture based vaccine production. It begins by introducing different types of vaccines and traditional egg-based vaccine production methods and their limitations. It then describes the importance and advantages of cell culture based methods, including types of cells used. The key steps of the cell culture based production process are outlined, including strain selection, bulk production, purification, virus inactivation, formulation, quality control testing, and lot release. Specific cell culture based vaccines for influenza, rabies, dengue, and Ebola are discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for cell culture to replace egg-based methods by producing vaccines faster and in larger quantities to meet global demand.
Transgenic animals are produced by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Since then, various methods have been used to generate transgenic fish, livestock, and other species. Transgenic animals have applications in biomedical research, agriculture, and industry. They can serve as models for human disease or help produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. However, transgenesis also carries risks if the inserted gene has unintended effects on the animal's development or physiology.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
1) Researchers engineered haploid plants by altering the centromeric histone CENH3. When crossed to wild-type plants, this led to missegregation of chromosomes during mitosis and the production of haploid offspring containing only the wild-type parent's genome.
2) The dyad1 mutant in Arabidopsis produces unreduced female gametes through apomeiosis, leading to triploid progeny when fertilized. This demonstrates that altering a single gene can influence meiosis and may enable engineering of apomixis.
3) Chromosome engineering techniques like modifying centromeres and recombination proteins can enable new applications in plant breeding like producing haploids, engineering apomixis,
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Primordial Germ Cells- A tool for avian genome manipulationDr. MAYUR VISPUTE
This presentation deals with the scope and technique of avian genome manipulation by using avian primordial germ cells to obtain the pharmaceuticals using chicken egg as a bioreactor system and also to enhance the overall poultry production, and disease resistance, etc.
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It outlines three main methods: microbial bioreactors like E. coli, mammalian cell culture bioreactors like CHO cells, and transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgenic animals are produced via DNA microinjection into embryos to incorporate expression vectors for target proteins. Their milk can then produce large quantities of complex proteins through scale-up. While advantageous for production scale, transgenic systems have limitations regarding animal health effects and post-translational modifications. Examples of therapeutic proteins produced include antithrombin in transgenic goats and alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic sheep.
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It provides a timeline of important developments including the approval of the first recombinant human insulin in 1982. It outlines the typical process of drug production including transfection of cells, cell culture, purification and formulation. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of expressing proteins in bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, plants and transgenic animals. Finally, it provides examples of some important recombinant proteins that have been approved for human use to treat disorders like hemophilia and diabetes.
This document discusses protein microarrays, which allow high-throughput analysis of thousands of protein interactions. It describes the basic principles and experimental process of protein microarrays, including sample preparation, printing, incubation, washing, and data analysis. Protein microarrays have applications in detecting protein binding properties, profiling antibody specificity, studying post-translational modifications, and identifying biomarkers for clinical research applications like cancer. While powerful for proteomics research, protein microarrays also have some limitations like high costs.
Transgenic animals are produced through several methods: (1) DNA microinjection involves injecting DNA into the pronucleus of a zygote, (2) Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer inserts DNA into embryonic stem cells which are then implanted into a host, (3) Retroviruses can introduce genes into germline stem cells. Transgenic animals are detected using techniques like PCR and dot blot hybridization. They are useful as disease models, for producing pharmaceutical proteins, and improving agricultural products. Examples include glowing mice carrying green fluorescent protein and faster growing salmon with added growth genes.
There are several types of immortalized cell lines that are important research tools. Some cell lines were derived from cancers and underwent mutations that allowed unlimited proliferation, similar to cancerous cells. Other normal cell lines can be immortalized through intentional induction of mutations. The best known immortalized cell line is HeLa, which was derived from a cervical cancer in 1951 and was the first human cells successfully cloned. Vero cells come from monkey kidney cells and are widely used as hosts for growing viruses and parasites. Immortalized cell lines have undergone genetic changes that allow unlimited division, unlike primary cells which eventually senesce and stop dividing.
ChIP-seq is a technique to identify where proteins bind to DNA in the genome. It involves cross-linking proteins to DNA in cells, fragmenting the DNA, immunoprecipitating the protein-DNA complexes using an antibody for the protein of interest, and then sequencing the retrieved DNA. This allows mapping of the genomic binding sites for the protein. The document discusses experimental design considerations for ChIP-seq, such as antibody choice and controls. It also reviews data analysis steps including read mapping, peak calling to identify enriched regions, and downstream analyses like motif finding. Higher resolution techniques like ChIP-exo are also introduced that can identify protein binding sites at base pair level.
This PPT has described how to produce soluble anf high amount of recombinant protein in E.coli host. This PPT has mentioned different expression vectors, different E.coli Expression host strain and other strategies for getting high expression of desired gene.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
This document discusses various methods for selecting and developing cell lines for research. It covers primary culture isolation, subculture propagation to establish a cell line, control of cell proliferation through growth factors and intracellular regulators, senescence limits on cell divisions, differentiation inhibiting proliferation, and the need for continuous cell lines. Methods to immortalize cell lines include viral genes like SV40 LT and HPV E6/E7 to inactivate tumor suppressors, adenoviral and retroviral vectors, telomerase induction with hTERT, use of oncogenes, and cell hybridization. The goal is to generate stable, consistent cell lines that proliferate indefinitely while maintaining similar phenotype to the original tissue.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karkiBikash Karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Therapeutic cloning involves creating cloned embryos solely to derive embryonic stem cells for research and medical treatment. These stem cells can potentially be used to treat diseases like heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The procedure for therapeutic cloning, also called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is similar to reproductive cloning and involves removing the nucleus from an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a donor adult cell. The cloned embryo is then allowed to develop in vitro until the blastocyst stage when stem cells are extracted. These stem cells can be grown indefinitely in culture and differentiated into various cell types to potentially replace damaged or diseased cells in the body. While therapeutic cloning may help treat genetic diseases and
Gene knockout animals are genetically engineered organisms with inactivated genes. Mice are commonly used for knockout experiments due to their close genetic similarity to humans and low cost of breeding. Knocking out genes in mice provides insights into gene function and human disease modeling. The gene targeting method uses embryonic stem cells to precisely knockout a gene, while gene trapping does not require known gene sequences but confirmation of knockout is needed. Knockout studies have furthered understanding of cancer, obesity, and other diseases.
This document discusses cell culture based vaccine production. It begins by introducing different types of vaccines and traditional egg-based vaccine production methods and their limitations. It then describes the importance and advantages of cell culture based methods, including types of cells used. The key steps of the cell culture based production process are outlined, including strain selection, bulk production, purification, virus inactivation, formulation, quality control testing, and lot release. Specific cell culture based vaccines for influenza, rabies, dengue, and Ebola are discussed. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for cell culture to replace egg-based methods by producing vaccines faster and in larger quantities to meet global demand.
Transgenic animals are produced by introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Since then, various methods have been used to generate transgenic fish, livestock, and other species. Transgenic animals have applications in biomedical research, agriculture, and industry. They can serve as models for human disease or help produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. However, transgenesis also carries risks if the inserted gene has unintended effects on the animal's development or physiology.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
Transgenic animals and process to make transgenic animalsSnehasishKundu1
The document summarizes topics related to transgenic animals and gene therapy. It discusses transgenic cows, sheep, poultry, and fish. For each animal, it describes the process used to create transgenic versions, including pronuclear microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Benefits include producing human therapeutic proteins and altering milk composition. Challenges include high costs and low success rates. Gene therapy techniques like viral vectors and electroporation are explained for inserting genes into tissues to treat disease. Somatic gene therapy aims to modify individual patients while germline gene therapy alters heritable genes passed to offspring.
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign genes into the animal's genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982. There are several methods to produce transgenic animals, including pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell methods, sperm-mediated transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. However, there are also some ethical and environmental concerns regarding transgenic technology.
Transgenic animals are animals that have been genetically modified to carry foreign genes inserted into their genome. This document discusses the production of transgenic animals, their applications in medicine, agriculture and industry, as well as issues related to their use. Transgenic animals are produced using techniques like pronuclear microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. They can be used for research, increasing agricultural yields, producing pharmaceuticals, and testing chemicals. However, there are also biosafety, ethical and environmental issues to consider with transgenic animals. With proper research and regulation, transgenic animals could help address problems that currently lack solutions.
Methods for producing transgenic animals include retroviral, microinjection, and engineered stem cell methods. Transgenic animals can be identified through integration and expression methods like southern blot, PCR, dot blot, and protein expression analysis. The document discusses various transgenic animal production techniques in detail, including retroviral method, microinjection, and using engineered stem cells, outlining the key steps for each. It also covers transgene integration and identification methods.
Transgenic Animals developement and uses(M.NAGAPRADHEESH).pptxMNAGAPRADHEESH
DEVELOPEMENT AND USES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS:
■Definitions about Transgenic Animals (or) Genetically Modified Animals(GMO).
■History and Developements of Transgenic Animals(Yearwise:1907-2017)
■Different Methods used for developement of Transgenic animals:
1.Microinjection Method
2.Retro Viral Method
3.Embryonic Stem cell method
■Applications of Transgenic Animals
■Advantages of Transgenic Animals
■Disadvantages of Transgenic Animals
■References.
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Transgenic manipulation of animal embryos and its applicationDeveshMachhi
INTRODUCTION
Genetic manipulation in animal for higher productivity is also called genetic engineering, refer to the alteration of the gene of an organism.
Organisms containing integrated sequences of cloned dna (transgenes), transferred using techniques of genetic engineering (to include those of gene transfer and gene substitution) are called transgenic animals.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.Genetically modified animals are proving ever more vital in the development of new treatments and cures for many serious diseases.
Transgenesis is a radically new technology for altering the characteristics of animals by introducing the foreign genetic material.
CONTACT: devmac1323@gmail.com
Transgenesis involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal's genome. This allows for the production of transgenic animals that exhibit new traits. Common methods for creating transgenic animals include pronuclear microinjection, embryonic stem cell manipulation, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include glowing fish, disease models like Alzheimer's mice, and farm animals engineered for increased wool/milk. While transgenic technology has benefits for research, agriculture, and medicine, it also carries some risks that require further study.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and goats. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are screened for the inserted gene and used to study gene functions, create disease models, and produce therapeutic products. They have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Issues include potential health and environmental risks of transgenic organisms.
Transgenic animals are created by inserting foreign DNA into the animal's genome using recombinant DNA technology. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1974. Common animals used for transgenics include mice, pigs, cows, and fish. The foreign DNA is constructed with a gene, vector, and regulatory sequences and inserted into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene functions, developing disease models, and producing therapeutic products. Issues include potential health and environmental risks. Recent research has produced bioluminescent mouse models and transgenic goats engineered to produce human breast milk components. Transgenic technology holds promise but requires responsible research and oversight.
transgenic animals , its production and applicationMonishaKCReddy
Process of introducing a foreign or exogenous DNA into an animal genome is called as Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell
Retroviruses can be used for the transfer of foreign genes into animal genomes.
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer.
Involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development.
Transgenic animals are created through genetic engineering by introducing foreign genes into the animal's genome. This allows the animal to produce proteins it would not normally make. Methods for creating transgenic animals include microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals have various applications including serving as disease models, producing pharmaceuticals in their milk (transpharmers), providing organs or tissues for transplantation (xenotransplantation), and enhancing food production. However, transgenic animal research also raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare and the environmental impacts of genetic modification.
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
This document discusses methods for creating transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with recombinant DNA introduced through human intervention. The major methods described are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, use of transposons, sperm mediated gene transfer, and nuclear transfer. Applications mentioned include using transgenic animals as models for studying oncogenesis, diseases, and producing therapeutic proteins.
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti2
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic animals are animals that are genetically altered to have traits that mimic symptoms of specific human pathologies.
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Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti5
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
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3. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS-
• Organisms containing integrated sequences of cloned DNA transferred using techniques of
genetic engineering are called transgenic animals. Or an Organism that is engineered to carry
a foreign gene or a transgene of choice as part of its own genetic material.
• In order to change the animal's DNA, a foreign gene is inserted into its genome. This
technique is applied to enhance the genetic traits of the target animals.
• Transgenic animals are altered so that their DNA produces proteins that normally they would
not produce or as by their non-genetically modified counterparts. Ex.- glow fish as pets,
sheep with more wool, a cow producing more milk with lower cholesterol.
• Transgenic animals with changes in the germ line are heritable from generation to generation
within the herd, and this heritability has the potential to facilitate long-term productivity
gains.
4. • Process of introducing foreign or exogenous DNA into animals genome is called
transgenesis or transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a
transgene into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and
transmit that property to its offspring.
• Transgenesis can be facilitated by liposomes, enzymes, plasmid vectors, viral vectors,
pronuclear injection, protoplast fusion, ballistic DNA injections, etc. Transgenic technology
has led to the development of fishes livestock and other animals with altered genetic profiles
which are useful to mankind. Examples for genetically modified animals: Mice, Goat, Sheep,
Chicken, Cow, Horse, Dogs, Fish, etc.
5. HISTORY-
• The first genetically modified Organism was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
a bacteria in 1973 followed by the first transgenic animal in 1974 that were mice created
in the 1970s by Rudolph Jaenisch a professor of biology at Massachusetts Institute of
technology.
• In the year 1982 worlds first expressing transgenic animal super mouse was produced by
inserting a human growth hormone gene into the mouse genome.
6. ANIMALS-
1.TRANSGENIC COW
Transgenic cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13%
more milk protein. Currently, the milk from these animals is under FDA review.
2. ENVIRO PIG:
They are used in organ transplant harvesting and study of human membrane co-
factor protein. Breeding problems and Mutation will occur.
3.TRANSGENIC FISH
Tilapia, Salmon/trout, Catfish
These can grow up to 6 times faster than wildtype fish and most have extra copies
of growth hormone (GH) gene
7. 4. Transgenic sheep:
Tracy is the first transgenic animal to produce a recombinant protein in her milk. uses of transgenic
sheep: It is used as a model for studying Human blood clotting factor viii, Transplantation, Haematology
Biological product manufacturing, Recombinant DNA, Drug production in milk. Disadvantages-
Difficult procedure, Failed in vitro fertilization, Expensive
5. Transgenic Monkey:
Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical trial used for studying: HIV, Huntington's disease
Disadvantages- Expensive, Difficulty in Breeding problem
6. Transgenic mice:
ADVANTAGES- Gene mutation, Alzheimer's disease, Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Cardiac
hypertrophy, Human leukocyte antigen Human gastric carcinoma, Making poliovirus vaccine, HIV
studies, Different type of cancer.
DISADVANTAGES: Expensive, Gene can only be added,not deleted, Embryos are not easily accessible
for manipulation
8. Production of GMOs is a multistage process which can be
summarized as follows:
1. Identification of the gene interest;
2. Isolation of the gene of interest;
3. Amplifying the gene to produce many copies;
4. Associating the gene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into
plasmids.
5. Multiplying the plasmid in bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection;
6. Transference of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs;
7. Integration of gene into recipient genome;
8. Expression of gene in recipient genome; and
9. Inheritance of genes through further generations.
9. GENE TRANSFER (GT):-
The introduction of new DNA into an existing organism’s cell, usually by vectors such as
plasmids and modified viruses. The transfer of genes between species is called GENE
TRANSFER. The new organism created is called transgenic. The insertion of unrelated
therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells.
The directed desirable gene transfer from one organism to another and the subsequent
stable integration and expression of foreign gene into the genome is referred to as genetic
transformation. Transient transformation occurs when DNA is not integrated into host
genome.
Two Types of gene transfer:-
1. HORIZONTAL GT- Horizontal gene transfer can be described as the transfer of
genetic information between two independent organisms.
2. VERTICAL GT- Vertical gene transfer is the transfer of genetic information from
parent to progeny. Germline, Live birth, Patrilineal, Aposymbiotic.
10. These are divided into two main groups
• Indirect method: In this case vector is needed for the insertion of the foreign DNA into the
host genome.
• Direct method: This method is vector independent. The DNA is directly inserted into the host
genome.
Gene transfer
Direct/Artificial
physical
microinjection
Biolistics- gene
gun
Pollen
transformation
Micro laser
chemical
Poly-ethylene
glycol
Silicon carbide
method
Calcium
phosphate
Lipsomes and
cationic lipids
(lipofection)
Electrical
Electroporation
indirect
Biological
Agrobacterium
mediated
Virus mediated
Conjugation Transformation
11. METHODS/TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCING TRANSGENIC ANIMALS-
• The main principle in the production of
transgenic animals is the introduction of a
foreign gene or genes into an animal (the
inserted genes are called transgenes).
• The foreign genes must be transmitted
through the germ line, so that every cell,
including germ cells, of the animal contains
the same modified genetic material.
• The first transgenic animals produced in
1980, were mice.
• There are various methods for producing
transgenic animals which are summarized in
the following figure.
12. Retrovirus Mediated Transfer-
• Transgenic mice produced by retroviral transduction of male germ line stem cells.
• Male germ line stem cells have ability to self-renew and genetic modification of these cells
would help to study the biology of their complex self-renewal and differentiation processes
and to generate wide range of transgenic animal species.
• A retrovirus is a virus that carries its genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA.
• The method was successfully used in 1974 when a simian virus was inserted into mice
embryos, resulting in mice carrying this DNA.
• In this method gene transfer is mediated by a carrier or vector. Its transfer own genetic
material into the cell, taking advantage of their ability to infect host cells. Offspring
consequential from this method are chimeric, i.e., not all cells carry the retrovirus. The killed
virus is replication defective.
• The virus gene is replaced with trans-gene is inserted to the host cell by transfection. This can
be used to transfect a wide range of cells such as embryonic cells. The outcome is chimera,
an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitutions.
13. • Retro viral vectors that infects the cells of an early stage embryo prior to implantation into a receptive
female.
Technique:
• Immediately following infection, the retrovirus produces a DNA copy of its RNA genome using
transcriptase. Completions of this process require that the host cell undergoes the S phase of the cell
cycle. Therefore, retroviruses effectively transducer only mitotically active cell.
• The DNA copy of the viral genome, provirus, integrates randomly into the host cell genome, usually
without deletions or rearrangements because assimilation is not by way of homologous
recombination. Depending on the technique used, the Generation may result in chimeras. When the
transgene has integrated into the germ cells, the so-called germline chimeras are then inbred for 10 to
20 generations until homozygous transgenic animals are obtained and the transgene is present in
every cell.
• Current research has shown that lentiviruses can overcome previous limitations of viral-mediated
gene transfer, which included the silencing of the transgenic locus and low expression levels.
Injection of lentiviruses into the perivitelline space of porcine zygotes resulted in a very high
proportion of piglets that carried and expressed the transgene. Stable transgenic lines have been
established by this method.
15. Microinjection-
1. Pronuclear -
• The DNA microinjection or pronuclear microinjection, a very fine glass pipette is used to
manually inject DNA from one organism into the eggs of another.
• Better time for injection is early after fertilization when the ova have two pronuclei. They
fused to form a single nucleus, the injected DNA may or may not be taken up.
• Through the DNA microinjection, the ovum is transferred into the oviduct of the recipient
female or foster mother that has been induced by mating with a vasectomized male. The
University of California (Irvine) Transgenic Mouse Facility reports an estimated success rate
of 10% to 15% based on experiments with mice testing positive for the transgene.
• If the DNA is assimilated into the genome, it is done so randomly.
• Because of this, there is always a chance the gene insert will not be expressed by the GMO,
or may even interfere with the expression of another gene on the chromosome
16. 2. Embryonic Stem cell-mediated gene transfer-
• In 1981, the term embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were used to denote a cell line isolated
directly from mouse embryos while the term embryonal carcinoma cells (EC) were derived
from teratocarcinomas.
• Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are harvested from the inner cell mass (ICM) of mouse
blastocysts. They can be grown in culture and retain their full potential to produce all the cells
of the mature animal, including its gametes.
Technique-
• Using recombinant DNA methods, build molecules of DNA containing the structural gene
you desire (e.g., the insulin gene), vector DNA to enable the molecules to be inserted into
host DNA molecules, promoter, and enhancer sequences to enable the gene to be expressed
by host cells.
• Transform ES cells in culture to expose cultured cells to the DNA so that some will
incorporate it. Select successfully transformed cells. Inject these cells into the inner cell mass
(ICM) of mouse blastocysts.
17. • Embryo transfer:
- Prepare a pseudopregnant mouse. The stimulus of mating elicits the hormonal changes
needed to make her uterus receptive.
- Transfer the embryos into her uterus.
- Hope that they implant successfully and develop into healthy pups (no more than one-third
will).
• Test her offspring:
- Remove a small piece of tissue from the tail and examine its DNA for the desired gene.
- No more than 10- 20% will have it, and they will be heterozygous for the gene.
• Establish a transgenic strain:
- Mate two heterozygous mice and screen their offspring for the 1:4 that will be homozygous
for the transgene.
18. Embryonic stem cell method for
producing transgenic mice-
Pronuclear microinjection and ES cells
mediated transfer-
19. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)-
• In this method, the transgenic goats were produced by nuclear transfer of fetal somatic cells.
Donor karyoplasts were obtained from a primary fetal somatic cell line derived from a 40-day
transgenic female fetus produced by artificial insemination of a nontransgenic adult female with
semen from a transgenic male. Live offspring were produced with two nuclear transfer
procedures.
• Oocytes at the arrested metaphase II stage were enucleated, electrofused with donor somatic
cells, and simultaneously activated.
• In the second procedure, activated in vivo oocytes were enucleated at the telophase II stage,
electrofused with donor somatic cells, and simultaneously activated a second time to induce
genome reactivation.
There was generation of three healthy identical female offspring. Genotypic analyses confirmed that
all cloned offspring were derived from the donor cell line. Analysis of the milk of one of the
transgenic cloned animals showed high-level production of human antithrombin III. The nuclear
transfer application may be more useful and beneficial for agricultural is the ability to efficiently
produce a large number of identical offspring derived from a particular mating. Therefore, nuclear
transfer using a embryonic cell lines derived from that mating maybe more attractive.
20. Dolly sheep –
• Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell,
using the process of nuclear transfer. Born 5 July 1996. She was cloned by Sir lan Wilmut,
Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh,
Scotland.
• In this process, the udder cells from a Finn Dorset white sheep of 6 years old were injected
into an unfertilized egg from a Scottish Blackface ewe, whose nucleus was removed.
• With the help of electrical pulses, the cell was made to fuse.
• After fusion of the cell nucleus with the egg, the resulting embryo was cultured for the next
6-7 days.
• The embryo was then implanted into another Scottish Blackface Ewe, which was responsible
for the birth of Transgenic Sheep, Dolly.
21.
22. APPLICATIONS-
(A.) Agricultural Applications
(a). Breeding- Farmers have always used discriminatory breeding to produce animals that exhibit
desired traits (e.g. increased milk production, high growth rate). Traditional breeding is a time-
consuming, difficult chore. When expertise using molecular biology was developed, it became
possible to develop traits in animals in a shorter time and with more precision. In sum, it offers the
farmer an easy way to increase yields.
(b). Quality- Transgenic cows stay alive that produce more milk or milk with less lactose or
cholesterol, pigs and cattle that have more meat on them, and sheep that grow more wool. In the
past, farmers used growth hormones to stimulate the development of animals but this technique
was problematic, especially since the residue of the hormones remained in the animal product.
(c). Disease resistance- Scientists are attempting to produce disease-resistant animals, such as
influenza-resistant pigs, but an inadequate number of genes is currently known to be responsible
for resistance to diseases in farm animals.
23. (B). Medical Applications
(a). Xenotransplantation- Patients die every year to be deficient of replacement heart, liver, or
kidney. For example, about 5000 organs are needed each year in the United Kingdom alone.
Transgenic pigs may offer the transplant organs needed to improve the loss. Presently,
xenotransplantation is vulnerable by a pig protein that can cause donor rejection but research is
underway to remove the pig protein and replace it with a human protein. One of the earliest
genetic modifications of larger animals was the development of genetically modified pigs
transport a human gene that could prevent the acute rejection of organs transplanted between
pigs and humans. The transplantation of tissues from one species to a different species is known
as xenotransplantation. Whenever pig tissue is transplanted into another species, antibodies in
the receiver attack the transplanted organ, and the resulting inflammatory response leads to graft
rejection. By introducing a modification to some of the proteins on cells that cause the body to
raise an immune response, called balance control proteins, rejection of the transplant can be
disallowed.
24. (b). Nutritional supplement and pharmaceutical- Some Products such as insulin, growth
hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors may soon be or have already been obtained from the
milk of transgenic cows, sheep, or goats. Research is ongoing to manufacture milk through
transgenesis for treatment of unbearable diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary
emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. In 1997, foremost transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human
protein-enriched milk at 2.4 grams per liter. This transgenic milk is an additional nutritionally
balanced product than natural bovine milk and could be given to babies or the elderly with
unique nutritional or digestive needs. Rosie’s milk contains the human gene alpha-lactalbumin.
(c). Human gene therapy- Human gene therapy involves adding together a normal copy of a
gene (transgene) to the genome of a person carrying defective copies of the gene. The
prospective for treatments for the 5,000 named genetic diseases is huge and transgenic animals
could play a role. For example, the A.I.Virtanen Institute in Finland produced a calf with a gene
that makes the material that promotes the growth of red cells in humans.
25. (C). Transgenic Animals as Disease Models for the Development of New Treatments
An animal model is a, living, non-human animal used for the study and investigation of human
disease, for the purpose of better considering the disease without the added risk of causing harm
to a human being during the whole drug discovery and development process. Transgenic animal
models are created by the insertion of a particular human DNA into fertilized oocytes which are
then allowed to develop to term by implantation into the different models of transgenic animals
for various diseases oviducts of pseudo-pregnant females.
(a). Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-
S Transgenic 26 human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (Tg26 HIVAN) Mouse
Model was the first transgenic model developed in 1991 for the study of HIV. These transgenic
animals can express HIV-1 proteins; develop to symptoms and immune deficiencies similar to
the manifestations of AIDS in humans. Other models are AIDS Mouse and Smart Mouse.
26. (b). Alzheimer’s Disease- There wasno animal models existed for the disease before transgenic
technology was working. Immunization of Amyloid precursor protein (A42) in Pigs in
transgenic mice showed that vaccination against Alzheimer’s disease could have potential as a
therapeutic approach. E.g. Alzheimer’s Mouse.
(c). Cardiovascular Disease- Various transgenic animal several models for gain and or loss of
function of angiotensin, endothelim, natriuretic peptides, catechoalmines, calcium Binding-
signaling, sodium channel transporters and nitric oxide synthesis involved in cardiovascular
parameter are used to study cardiovascular diseases.
(d). Diabetes Mellitus- Transgenic model are developed for studying the genes and their role in
peripheral insulin accomplishment. Models of insulin secretion such as glucokinase, tislet
amyloid polypeptide and hepatic glucose production in type II diabetes are developed. 18A
model that expressed Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus by inserting a viral gene in the
animal egg stage is also developed.
27. (D) Industrial Applications
Two scientists discovered (Dr. Jeffrey Turner & Randy Lewis) a sliced spider gene into the cells
of lactating goats in 2001 at Nexia Biotechnologies in Canada. The goats begin to produce silk
along with their milk and secrete tiny silk strands from their body by the bucketful. By
extracting polymer strands from the milk and weaving them into the strand, the scientists can
generate a light, tough, flexible material that could be used in such applications as military
uniforms, medical tiny caliber suture called (microsuture), and tennis racket strings. The
toxicity-sensitive transgenic animals have been produced for chemical safety testing.
Microorganisms have been engineered to produce spacious variety of proteins, which in turn
can produce enzymes that can speed up industrial chemical reactions.