RFLP DNA molecular testing and DNA typing involves analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms and variable number tandem repeats to perform genetic testing and DNA analysis. Some key applications include mapping chromosomes, identifying different gene forms, prenatal and newborn genetic screening, population studies, locating genes associated with diseases, and DNA typing for paternity testing and forensics. The cystic fibrosis gene was isolated using a positional cloning approach that first identified RFLP markers linked to the gene, localized it to chromosome 7, and then cloned the DNA between flanking markers to identify defects in the CF gene.
Molecular diagnostic approaches which are being widely used in various fields including forensics. This presentation is about the different genetic factors which can be used as markers for crime scene investigation.
bacterial conjugation genetic transfer transfer of genetic material in bacteria F+ and F- factors bacterial biology genetics factors in bacterial genes genetics DNA synthesis mobilization cell to cell contact bridge formation
STR DNA profiling is now a powerful, inexpensive tool that can generate unique DNA signatures that can be used to authenticate cell lines and detect contamination of more than one cell type. This presentation will talk about why scientists need cell authentication, what is STR profile and STR profile workflow from Creative Bioarray.
The term DNA Finger printing is also known as DNA Typing, Genetic Profiling or Genotyping, it is a process in which the DNA characteristics of a person is determined by isolating and identifying variable elements in the base-pair sequence of DNA.
By developing this method in 1984 the British geneticist Alec Jeffery found that some sequence area unit extremely variable Deoxyribonucleic acid called as minisatellites. These minisatellites do not have contribution in functioning of DNA and are repeated in the genes. Geneticist found that in every person there is a unique pattern of these minisatellites except the identical twins.
Basis of viral oncogenesis and the most common viruses causing cancer and their mechanism of causing cancer. Helpful for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.
Molecular diagnostic approaches which are being widely used in various fields including forensics. This presentation is about the different genetic factors which can be used as markers for crime scene investigation.
bacterial conjugation genetic transfer transfer of genetic material in bacteria F+ and F- factors bacterial biology genetics factors in bacterial genes genetics DNA synthesis mobilization cell to cell contact bridge formation
STR DNA profiling is now a powerful, inexpensive tool that can generate unique DNA signatures that can be used to authenticate cell lines and detect contamination of more than one cell type. This presentation will talk about why scientists need cell authentication, what is STR profile and STR profile workflow from Creative Bioarray.
The term DNA Finger printing is also known as DNA Typing, Genetic Profiling or Genotyping, it is a process in which the DNA characteristics of a person is determined by isolating and identifying variable elements in the base-pair sequence of DNA.
By developing this method in 1984 the British geneticist Alec Jeffery found that some sequence area unit extremely variable Deoxyribonucleic acid called as minisatellites. These minisatellites do not have contribution in functioning of DNA and are repeated in the genes. Geneticist found that in every person there is a unique pattern of these minisatellites except the identical twins.
Basis of viral oncogenesis and the most common viruses causing cancer and their mechanism of causing cancer. Helpful for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
this presentation is about famous mathematician and scientist " PYTHAGORAS".
this will helps you in project , assignment , lecture , general knowledge etc .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
molecular markers
1. RFLP DNA molecular testing
and DNA Typing
PRESENTED BY:-
SAURABH VERMA
M.Sc.
(BIOTECHNOLOGY )
SEMESTER -II
2. Genetic testing
An individual has symptoms or
An individual is at risk of developing a
disease with a family history.
DNA molecular testing:
A type of testing that focuses on the
molecular nature of mutations associated
with the disease.
3. Complications
Many different mutations can cause
symptoms of a single disease.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are implicated in the
development of breast and ovarian cancer.
Hundreds of mutations can be found in these
genes; the risk of cancer varies among the
mutations.
General screening and genetic testing are different
(mammograms vs. testing for specific mutations in
the gene).
4. Genetic testing:
Prenatal diagnosis: is the fetus at risk?
(amniocentesis or chorionic villus
samples analyzed).
Newborns can be tested for PKU, sickle
cell anemia, Tay-Sachs.
5. Methods of Genetic Testing
Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism analysis:
Loss or addition of a RE site is analyzed.
RFLP is a DNA marker.
RFLPs are useful for:
Mapping the chromosomes.
Finding out different forms of genes/sequences.
6. RFLPs
RFLP’s may be changes in the gene of
interest (such as with sickle cell).
Often, RFLP’s are associated with, but not in,
the gene of interest. A RFLP which is very
near the allele of interest will usually indicate
the presence of the allele of interest.
RFLP’s can be used to follow a genetic
lineage (in essence, a specific chromosome)
in a population, and is a useful tool in
population biology.
16.
Microsatellites and VNTRs as
DNA Markers
Analysis of “microsatellites” ( short tandem repeats or
STR’s, 2-4 bases repeat), and VNTR’s (Variable
number of tandem repeats, 5- 10’s of bases repeat)
sequences is used in many genetic approaches.
Repeated sequences are often more variable (due to
replication errors and errors in crossing over) than
non repeating sequences, therefore lots of alleles are
generally present in a population.
In other words, two individuals have a higher chance
of genetic differences at STR’s and VNTR’s than at
most sequences in the DNA.
18. Southern blot followed by hybridization with a probe that
PCR with a pair of primers which flank the variable
Analysis of Microsatellites and
VNTR’s
One way of thinking about these analyses is that
this is a specialized RFLP analysis, the power is
that there are lots of alleles in a population, so
there is a high chance that two individuals will be
different in their genotypes (informative).
Two techniques are common in these analyses:
will detect the sequence (as in RFLP analysis).
sequence.
19. Applications
Population studies: finding differences in
allele frequencies can identify separate
populations (not interbreeding).
Locating specific genes: associating a
specific VNTR allele with a genetic disease
can help localize the gene to a region of the
chromosome, or trace the allele through a
pedigree.
DNA typing: paternity testing (also useful in
population studies, in animal breeding etc.)
and in forensic analysis.
20. DNA Typing in
Paternity Testing
• Comparison of
VNTR’s can definitely
exclude an individual
from being the parent
of a child (neither
allele the child has is
present in the alleged
father).
21. DNA Typing in Paternity Testing
• Proving paternity is more difficult, and relies on statistical
arguments of the probability that the child and the alleged
father are related. Multiple loci (different VNTR’s) must be
examined to provide convincing evidence that the alleged
father is the true father. The same statements (exclusion
versus proof of identity) are true for forensic arguments.
Ethnicity of the accused is a factor: allele frequencies for
VNTR’s are different in different population, be they elk or
human., and often the frequencies (which are the basis of the
statistical arguments) are not known for a specific group.
22.
23.
24.
Finding a Gene: Chromosome
Walking
Identifying the gene associated with a specific
disease requires years of work.
The first step is to identify the region of the
chromosome the gene is in (pedigree analysis,
identifying breaks in chromosomes which cause
the disease, etc.)
Once the gene has been localized to a region of a
chromosome, is to “walk” along the chromosome.
The walk starts at a sequence known to be
nearby, and continues until the gene of interest is
located.
25. Isolation of Human Genes
Positional cloning: Isolation of a gene
associated with a genetic disease on
the basis of its approximate
chromosomal position.
26. Identify RFLP markers linked to the CF gene.
Identify the chromosome on which the CF gene is
Identify the chromosome region on which the CF
Clone the CF gene between the flanking markers.
Identify the CF gene in the cloned DNA.
Identify the defects in the CF gene.
Cystic Fibrosis Gene
Cystic fibrosis disease is a common lethal
disease inherited as an autosomal recessive
manner.
located.
gene is located (finer mapping).
27. RFLP markers linked to the
CF gene (linkage studies)
Screen many individuals in CF
pedigrees with a large number of
RFLPs.
Use Southern blot analysis and hybridize
with probes to identify different forms.
Establish a linkage between the markers
and the occurrence of the disease.
28. Which chromosome?
Use in situ hybridization, where
chromosomes are spread on a
microscope slide, and hybridized with a
labeled probe, results are analyzed by
autoradiography.
A 3H-labeled RFLP probe showed that CF
gene is located on chromosome 7.
29. Which chromosomal region?
Search other RFLPs located on the chr. 7, to
find ones that are linked to the CF gene.
Again, use the pedigrees and test the DNA
for associated RFLP markers.
Two closely linked flanking markers (one marker
on each side of the CF gene) were found that are
0.5 map units apart (~500.000 bp).
Their locations were 7q31-q32.