In 1916, Sommerfeld extended Bohr's atomic model with the assumption of elliptical electron paths to explain the fine splitting of the spectral lines in the hydrogen atom. It is known as the Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
For more information on this concept, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/bohr-sommerfeld-model-chemistrylearners.html
In 1916, Sommerfeld extended Bohr's atomic model with the assumption of elliptical electron paths to explain the fine splitting of the spectral lines in the hydrogen atom. It is known as the Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
For more information on this concept, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/04/bohr-sommerfeld-model-chemistrylearners.html
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 8 Lesson 1 on Electrons and Energy Levels. This lesson gives a brief introduction of the periodic table, periods, and groups. There is an introduction to metals, nonmetal, and metalloids. This also introduces electrons, energy levels, and the basic idea of bonding.
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 8 Lesson 1 on Electrons and Energy Levels. This lesson gives a brief introduction of the periodic table, periods, and groups. There is an introduction to metals, nonmetal, and metalloids. This also introduces electrons, energy levels, and the basic idea of bonding.
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the topic or lesson: Dalton's Atomic Model. It also includes the history of John Dalton, characteristics and concepts of Dalton's Atomic Model.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. In physics, an atom (Greek ‘átomos’ meaning
"indivisible") is the smallest particle which
characterise a chemical element.
The atom is composed of subatomic particles:
electrons;
protons;
neutrons.
Protons and neutrons make up a dense,
massive atomic nucleus, and are collectively
called nucleons. The electrons form the much
larger electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
Atom
4.
5. {Describe how the Geiger-Marsden alpha-
particle scattering experiment provides
evidence for the nuclear atom.
Atomic Model
6. The plum pudding model of the atom was
proposed by J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of
the electron in 1896.
In this model, the atom is composed of
electrons surrounded by a soup of positive
charge to balance the electron's negative
charge, like plums surrounded by pudding.
Plum Pudding Model
7. This is also called the Gold foil experiment or
the Rutherford experiment was an experiment
done by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in
1909 which led to the downfall of the plum
pudding model of the atom.
They observed that a very small percentage of
particles were deflected through angles much
larger than 90 degrees; some were even
scattered back toward the source.
Geiger-Marsden Experiment
8. Top: Expected results of Rutherford's gold foil
experiment: alpha particles passing through
the plum pudding model of the atom
undisturbed.
Bottom: Observed results: Some of the
particles were deflected, and some by very
large angles. Rutherford concluded that the
positive charge of the atom must be
concentrated into a very small location: the
atomic nucleus.
13. Nuclei are made up of positive protons and
neutral neutrons bound together by the strong
force.
Both protons and neutrons are referred to as
nucleons.
The number of protons in the nucleus is called
the atomic number Z
The total number of neutrons and protons is
called the mass number A.
Nucleus
17. The different isotopes of a given element have
the same atomic number but different mass
numbers since they have different numbers of
neutrons.
The chemical properties of the different
isotopes of an element are identical, but they
will often have great differences in nuclear
stability.
Isotopes
23. 1. In the atomic model, an atom consists of a
central mass, orbited by much smaller
particles.
24. 1. What is the name of the central mass and of
the orbiting particles?
D
25. 2. Between 1909 and 1911, Geiger and Marsden
carried out experiments in which alpha particles
were fired at metal foil. Most of the alpha particles
passed through the foil with small deflections, but
some were deflected through a large angle.
1. These results suggest that
A. atoms contain clouds of electrons through which
some alpha particles cannot pass.
B. atoms contain neutrons that alpha particles
bounce off.
C. atoms have positive and negative charges spread
throughout their volume.
D. atoms have positive charges concentrated in a
small volume.
26. 3. A narrow beam of alpha-particles is fired at a
thin piece of gold foil.
4. Which is the final direction of the largest
number of alpha-particles?
A
27. 4. Which conclusion can be drawn from the
Geiger-Marsden alpha-particle scattering
experiment?
A. A positive charge is spread throughout the
atom.
B. Electrons are arranged in orbits.
C. Electrons are negatively charged.
D. There is a dense nucleus in the atom.
28. 5. is the symbol for a particular nuclide of
nitrogen.
6. How many nucleons does this nuclide
contain?
A. 7
B. 9
C. 16
D. 23
29. 6. An atom of the element lithium has a nucleon
number of 7 and a proton number of 3.
7. Which diagram represents a neutral atom of
lithium?
C
30. 7. The data below relates to the nucleus of a
particular neutral atom of nitrogen.
proton number Z = 7
nucleon number A = 17
1. Which row represents the correct number of
neutrons and electrons in this atom?
A
31. 8. A nuclide of strontium is represented by the
symbol
9. What does the nucleus contain?
A. 38 electrons and 50 neutrons
B. 38 neutrons and 38 protons
C. 38 neutrons and 50 protons
D. 38 protons and 50 neutrons
32. 9. A nucleus of the element cobalt may be
represented by the symbol .
10. What is the structure of this nucleus?
A
33. 10. How many neutrons and how many protons
are contained in a nucleus of ?
B
34. 11. What are the numbers of neutrons, protons
and electrons in a neutral atom of ?
C
35. 12. The nucleus of a neutral atom of lithium is
represented by .
13. How many protons, electrons and neutrons
does the atom contain?
D
36. 13. is a nuclide of nitrogen.
14. How many electrons are there in a neutral
atom of ?
A. 7
B. 8
C. 15
D. 22
37. 14. The nuclide notation for radium-226 is .
15. How many electrons orbit the nucleus of a
neutral atom of radium-226?
A. 0
B. 88
C. 138
D. 226
38. 15. A uranium nucleus emits an α-particle.
16. What are the new nucleon and proton
numbers?
D
39. 16. A particular nuclide has the symbol .
17. What is true for atoms of this nuclide?
A. There are 17 nucleons in the nucleus.
B. There are 17 protons in the nucleus.
C. There are 37 electrons in the nucleus.
D. There are 37 neutrons in the nucleus.
40. 17. Proton number is another name for atomic
number. Nucleon number is another name for
mass number.
18. What are isotopes?
A. nuclei with different proton numbers and
different nucleon numbers
B. nuclei with different proton numbers and the
same nucleon number
C. nuclei with the same proton number and
different nucleon numbers
D. nuclei with the same proton number and the
same nucleon number
41. 18. The neutral atoms of all isotopes of the same
element contain the same number of
A. electrons and protons.
B. electrons and neutrons.
C. neutrons only.
D. neutrons and protons.
42. 19. A nuclide has the notation .
20. Which line in the table describes a different
isotope of this nuclide?
A