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TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
Nuclear Physics
BSF-10
001-A.Adhirai
002-Alex.K.George
003-Aravind.R.S
004-K.Bharathidasan
005-R.Deepak Kumar
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
DEFINITION
īƒ˜Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the
building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei.
īƒ˜It includes the study of,
1.The general properties of nucleus.
2.The particles contained in the nucleus.
3.The interaction between these particles.
4.Radio activity and nuclear reactions.
5.Practical applications of nuclear phenomena.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEUS
īƒ˜Every atom contains a
centre, an extremely
dense, positively charged
nucleus.
īƒ˜The nucleus is made of
protons and neutrons.
īƒ˜Protons have positive
electric charge.
īƒ˜Neutrons have no
electrical charge.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEUS
īƒ˜ MASS NUMBER(A): total number of
nucleon.A=Z(protons)+N(neutrons).
īƒ˜ ATOMIC NUMBER(Z): number of
protons.
īƒ˜ NEUTRON NUMBER N: number of
neutrons.
īƒ˜RADIUS: r=r0A1/3 ,
r0=1.25x10-15
m.
īƒ˜MASS M=AU,u=1.66×10âģ27kg
Îą-RAY SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
īƒ˜Done by E.Rutherford.
īƒ˜From angular distribution of rescattered Îą -particles
Rutherford concluded existence of positively charged core
of atom,then called nucleus
īƒ˜The size of the nucleus was much smaller(10-14
m) than
size of the atom (10-10
m)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
THE NUCLEAR FORCE
īƒ˜The force that binds together protons and neutrons
inside the nucleus is called the Nuclear Force.
īƒ˜Some characteristics of the nuclear force are:
1.It does not depend on charge.
2.It is very short range.
3.It is much stronger than the electric force.
4.It is saturated force .
5.It favours formation of pairs of nucleons with opposite
spins.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY
īƒ˜The total rest energy(mass) of the separated nucleons
is greater than the rest energy(mass) of the nucleus.
īƒ˜Eg:- Deuteron 2
H (1 proton + 1 neutron+1 electron)
mp=1.007276u +
mn=1.008665u But m2H=2.014102 u
mp+n=2.016490 u
mp+n-m2H=0.002338u
īƒ˜The deuteron is 0.002338 u lighter than the sum of
the separate proton and the neutron.
īƒ˜ This is the binding energy and is the energy needed
to break that nucleus apart in its separate constituents
BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON
īƒ˜Nuclei with the
largest binding
energy per
nucleon are the
most stable.
īƒ˜The largest
binding energy
per nucleon is 8.7
MeV, for mass
number A = 56.
īƒ˜Beyond bismuth,
A = 209, nuclei
are unstable.
Most stable
Iron 56
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
RADIOACTIVITY
īƒ˜The Spontaneous emission of radiation by unstable
nuclei to become stable.
īƒ˜ Atain stability by the emission of ,
1. Îą particles(4
He)[atomic number decrease by2 & mass
number decrease by 4]
2. β particles (electrons or positrons)[atomic number
change by 1 & mass number remains same]
3. Îŗ rays (energetic photons)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
HALF LIFE TIME
īƒ˜The half life means
time required for the
disintegration of half of
the sample.
īƒ˜Different for different
elements.
īƒ˜Applied for the
estimation of age of
fossils(14
C-dating).
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
īƒ˜A nuclear reaction is a rearrangement of nuclear
components induced by particle bombardment.
1.Fission
2.Fusion
īƒ˜Nuclear reactions are subject to the following
conservation laws:
1.Charge.
2.Momentum and angular momentum.
3.Energy.
4.Total number of nucleons.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
FISSION
īƒ˜ Splitting of large nucleus to
smaller ones results in the
liberation of energy.
īƒ˜ n + 235U →141Ba + 92Kr + 3n
īƒ˜ In this reaction more than
200MeV energy liberated.
īƒ˜ Emitted neutrons can induce
addtional fusion-chain reaction.
īƒ˜ Chain reaction is controlled and
is applied in fission reactors.
īƒ˜ Chain reaction left uncontrolled
and is applied in atom bomb.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
Ba
Kr
FISSION CHAIN REACTION
At each step energy is released !
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR
īƒ˜Place where controlled fission chain reaction occurs.
īƒ˜Liberated energy is used for the production of
electricity.
īƒ˜PARTS OF THE REACTOR;
1.Fuel-Uranium,Plutonium,Thorium
2.Moderator-Water,Graphite-slow down neutron.
3.Control rods-Cadmium-absorb neutrons.
4.Concrete wall-block radiations.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
FUSION
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
īƒ˜Two light nuclei fuse together to
form a heavier nucleus results in the
liberation of energy.
īƒ˜2H + 3H →4He + n + 17.6 MeV
īƒ˜It is the primary source of the
sun’s energy.
īƒ˜Fusion reaction is applied in
hydrogen bomb.
FISSION & FUSION
FUSIONFISSION
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
FISSION & FUSION
FISSION
īƒ˜ Splitting a large mass
nucleus into two
medium mass
nucleus.
īƒ˜ Energy released per
nucleon is less.
īƒ˜ Can be controlled.
īƒ˜ Heat is not needed.
īƒ˜ Lot radioactive
byproducts.
FUSION
īƒ˜ Joining two low mass
nuclei into a larger
mass nucleus.
īƒ˜ Energy produced per
nucleon is large.
īƒ˜ Can not be
controlled.
īƒ˜ Extreme heat is
needed.
īƒ˜ No radioactive
byproducts.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
NUCLEAR REACTORS
FISSION REACTOR:
use fission of heavy elements
like Uranium, Plutonium for power.
FUSION REACTOR:
work in progress: ITER
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(500MW power in 1000second through fusion reaction)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
APPLICATIONS ARE
īƒŧMedical radio-isotopes (imaging & therapy).
īƒŧMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
īƒŧIdentification of materials.
īƒŧDating of materials.
īƒŧPower generation (fusion and fission).
īƒŧWeapons of mass destruction (WMD).
REFERENCE
īƒ˜ NCERT physics text book.
īƒ˜ www.elsevier.com.
īƒ˜ www.sciencedirect.com.
īƒ˜ www.wikipedia.org.
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)

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Nuclear physics

  • 1. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 3. DEFINITION īƒ˜Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. īƒ˜It includes the study of, 1.The general properties of nucleus. 2.The particles contained in the nucleus. 3.The interaction between these particles. 4.Radio activity and nuclear reactions. 5.Practical applications of nuclear phenomena. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 4. NUCLEUS īƒ˜Every atom contains a centre, an extremely dense, positively charged nucleus. īƒ˜The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. īƒ˜Protons have positive electric charge. īƒ˜Neutrons have no electrical charge. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 5. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) NUCLEUS īƒ˜ MASS NUMBER(A): total number of nucleon.A=Z(protons)+N(neutrons). īƒ˜ ATOMIC NUMBER(Z): number of protons. īƒ˜ NEUTRON NUMBER N: number of neutrons. īƒ˜RADIUS: r=r0A1/3 , r0=1.25x10-15 m. īƒ˜MASS M=AU,u=1.66×10âģ27kg
  • 6. Îą-RAY SCATTERING EXPERIMENT īƒ˜Done by E.Rutherford. īƒ˜From angular distribution of rescattered Îą -particles Rutherford concluded existence of positively charged core of atom,then called nucleus īƒ˜The size of the nucleus was much smaller(10-14 m) than size of the atom (10-10 m) TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 7. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) THE NUCLEAR FORCE īƒ˜The force that binds together protons and neutrons inside the nucleus is called the Nuclear Force. īƒ˜Some characteristics of the nuclear force are: 1.It does not depend on charge. 2.It is very short range. 3.It is much stronger than the electric force. 4.It is saturated force . 5.It favours formation of pairs of nucleons with opposite spins.
  • 8. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY īƒ˜The total rest energy(mass) of the separated nucleons is greater than the rest energy(mass) of the nucleus. īƒ˜Eg:- Deuteron 2 H (1 proton + 1 neutron+1 electron) mp=1.007276u + mn=1.008665u But m2H=2.014102 u mp+n=2.016490 u mp+n-m2H=0.002338u īƒ˜The deuteron is 0.002338 u lighter than the sum of the separate proton and the neutron. īƒ˜ This is the binding energy and is the energy needed to break that nucleus apart in its separate constituents
  • 9. BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON īƒ˜Nuclei with the largest binding energy per nucleon are the most stable. īƒ˜The largest binding energy per nucleon is 8.7 MeV, for mass number A = 56. īƒ˜Beyond bismuth, A = 209, nuclei are unstable. Most stable Iron 56
  • 10. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) RADIOACTIVITY īƒ˜The Spontaneous emission of radiation by unstable nuclei to become stable. īƒ˜ Atain stability by the emission of , 1. Îą particles(4 He)[atomic number decrease by2 & mass number decrease by 4] 2. β particles (electrons or positrons)[atomic number change by 1 & mass number remains same] 3. Îŗ rays (energetic photons)
  • 11. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) HALF LIFE TIME īƒ˜The half life means time required for the disintegration of half of the sample. īƒ˜Different for different elements. īƒ˜Applied for the estimation of age of fossils(14 C-dating).
  • 12. NUCLEAR REACTIONS īƒ˜A nuclear reaction is a rearrangement of nuclear components induced by particle bombardment. 1.Fission 2.Fusion īƒ˜Nuclear reactions are subject to the following conservation laws: 1.Charge. 2.Momentum and angular momentum. 3.Energy. 4.Total number of nucleons. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 13. FISSION īƒ˜ Splitting of large nucleus to smaller ones results in the liberation of energy. īƒ˜ n + 235U →141Ba + 92Kr + 3n īƒ˜ In this reaction more than 200MeV energy liberated. īƒ˜ Emitted neutrons can induce addtional fusion-chain reaction. īƒ˜ Chain reaction is controlled and is applied in fission reactors. īƒ˜ Chain reaction left uncontrolled and is applied in atom bomb. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) Ba Kr
  • 14. FISSION CHAIN REACTION At each step energy is released ! TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 15. NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR īƒ˜Place where controlled fission chain reaction occurs. īƒ˜Liberated energy is used for the production of electricity. īƒ˜PARTS OF THE REACTOR; 1.Fuel-Uranium,Plutonium,Thorium 2.Moderator-Water,Graphite-slow down neutron. 3.Control rods-Cadmium-absorb neutrons. 4.Concrete wall-block radiations. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 16. NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 17. FUSION TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) īƒ˜Two light nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus results in the liberation of energy. īƒ˜2H + 3H →4He + n + 17.6 MeV īƒ˜It is the primary source of the sun’s energy. īƒ˜Fusion reaction is applied in hydrogen bomb.
  • 18. FISSION & FUSION FUSIONFISSION TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 19. FISSION & FUSION FISSION īƒ˜ Splitting a large mass nucleus into two medium mass nucleus. īƒ˜ Energy released per nucleon is less. īƒ˜ Can be controlled. īƒ˜ Heat is not needed. īƒ˜ Lot radioactive byproducts. FUSION īƒ˜ Joining two low mass nuclei into a larger mass nucleus. īƒ˜ Energy produced per nucleon is large. īƒ˜ Can not be controlled. īƒ˜ Extreme heat is needed. īƒ˜ No radioactive byproducts. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 20. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) NUCLEAR REACTORS FISSION REACTOR: use fission of heavy elements like Uranium, Plutonium for power. FUSION REACTOR: work in progress: ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (500MW power in 1000second through fusion reaction)
  • 21. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1) APPLICATIONS ARE īƒŧMedical radio-isotopes (imaging & therapy). īƒŧMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). īƒŧIdentification of materials. īƒŧDating of materials. īƒŧPower generation (fusion and fission). īƒŧWeapons of mass destruction (WMD).
  • 22. REFERENCE īƒ˜ NCERT physics text book. īƒ˜ www.elsevier.com. īƒ˜ www.sciencedirect.com. īƒ˜ www.wikipedia.org. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)
  • 23. TAU101 Applied physical sciences(2+1)